Railway Science (Physics-Waves)

From longest wavelength to shortest - Radio Waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Optical, Ultraviolet, X-Rays, And Gamma-Rays. X-rays - Discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Gamma rays - Discovered by Paul Villard. Infrared Rays - Discovered by Sir Frederick William Herschel.

Wavelength - It can be defined as the distance between two successive crests or troughs of a wave. Wavelength of the Visible Light ranges from 400 nm to 700 nm. Alpha - It represents various concepts in physics and chemistry, including alpha radiation, angular acceleration, alpha particles, alpha carbon . Beta - Used in maths as a variable and coefficient. Delta - It represents change, but it can also be used for geographical features, particles, and even in derivative notation.

Examples of Transverse waves - Surface ripples on water, seismic S (secondary) waves, and electromagnetic (radio and light) waves. Longitudinal wave (Example - sound waves. ultrasound waves. seismic P-waves) - The vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels and displacement of the medium is in the same (or opposite) direction of the wave propagation.

(shear waves). The P wave (compressional wave) is a seismic body wave that shakes the ground back and forth in the same direction and the opposite direction as the direction the wave is moving. The L waves travel along the surface of the earth from the point directly above the quake or epicenter. Rayleigh waves are a type of surface wave that travel near the surface of solids.

Ultrasound (Mechanical wave). Ultrasound waves with frequencies are higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing (greater than 20 kilohertz). Examples of electromagnetic radiations - Gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet radiations, visible rays, infrared radiations, microwaves, and radio waves.

Examples of Electromagnetic waves: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves and gamma rays. Uses - checking for fractures (broken bones). Audible waves - In the range of sensitivity of the human ear. Alpha waves - That are identical to a helium atom. Beta waves - High energy, fast electrons (-) or positrons (+) released from the nucleus by some radioactive elements .

Ultrasonic testing is done in materials to determine whether there are flaws or defects present in a material. Sound waves are used in this, which are not harmful for our health unlike γ rays. Either a transducer both sends and receives the reflected wave by itself or a transmitter sends the wave while the detector is used to receive the wave. A reduction in the received wave reveals the presence of faults.

UltraViolet (UV) radiation is a form of non-ionizing radiation that is emitted by the sun and artificial sources, such as tanning beds. It is widely used in industrial processes and in medical and dental practices for a variety of purposes such as creating fluorescent effects, curing inks and resins, phototherapy and suntanning. Wavelength Range of different types of electromagnetic waves - Microwave (0.1 m to 1 mm), infrared (1 mm to 700 nm), Ultraviolet (400 nm to 1nm), and X-rays (1 nm to 10⁻³ nm).

A type of wave in which the medium’s vibration is parallel to the direction of the wave, and the medium’s displacement is in the same direction as that of the wave movement. Examples - sound waves, ultrasonic rays, seismic P-waves. Transverse waves are those in which the vibrations move perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is propagating. Examples - Electromagnetic waves. Microwaves - An electromagnetic wave with a relatively long wavelength and low frequency.

Bats : The only flying mammals in the world. They have webbed forelimbs which enable them to fly. Produce echolocation (navigation technique) by emitting high frequency sound pulses through mouth or nose and listening to the echo.