UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2019 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE

Fabianism – A type of socialism that grew in purpose to advance the Principles of social democracy and democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist efforts in democracies around 1889. Founded almost entirely by intellectuals of upper middle class such as George Bernard Shaw, Annie Besant, Beatrice Webb and Sidney Webb.

• Guild Socialism – Guild Socialism arose in the early and second decades of the twentieth century as the intellectual off-spring of English syndicalism and Fabianism. They claim and believe that a functional representation system. First appearance in 1906. The Restoration of the Gild system, by Aurthur Joseph Penty.

• Syndicalism – A revolutionary doctrine mainly dominant in France between 1900 and 1914 by which workers seize control of the economy and the government by direct means. Syndicalism was founded by Georges Sorel.

• Democratic Socialism – It is a left-wing economic and political philosophy with the synthesis of Marxism and democracy. Saint-Simon is regarded as the first individual to coin the term socialism.

Marx was born in Trier, Germany and attended the universities of Bonn and Berlin to study law and Philosophy. Marx is known for his revolutionary writings favoring socialism and a communist revolution.
• Marx’s critiques of history, society and political economy hold that human societies develop through class conflict.
• Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures of the modern era, and his work has been both lauded and criticized.
• Major and important works of Karl Marx :

• Theses of Feuerbach, 1845

• The German Ideology, 1845

• The Poverty of Philosophy, 1947

• Foundations of a critique of political Economy, 1857

• A contribution of the critique of political Economy, 1859.

Rosa Luxemburg (2 March 1871-15 January 1919) was a polish and naturalized-German revolutionary socialist, orthodox Marxist and anti-war activist during the first World War.
• Neo-Marxism arose in response to social and political issues that classic Marxist theory failed to adequately address.
• Modern Marxism, often known as western Marxism or neo-Marxism was an attempt to rethink or recast Marx’s classic views while keeping true to some Marxist concepts or features of Marxist methodology.

Feminism is a twentieth-century invention at has only recently become commonplace in ordinary speech since the 1960s.

1. Feminism is about all genders having equal rights and opportunities.

• The emerging feminism ideology was a cross-cutting world view that encompassed three broad lineages from the start:

• Liberal feminism

• Marxist or Socialist feminism

• Radical feminism

• Feminists have proposed a theory of sexual politics. In 1970, feminist Kate Millet described sexual politics as encompassing the contestation of power-structured relationships.

The Silent Spring (1962, September 27th) written by Rachel Carson is a critique of the harm done to animals and the human world by excessive use of pesticides and other agricultural. The book documented by the indiscriminate use of DDT, a pesticide used by soldiers during World War 2.

Metics were a class of free non-citizens often employed on more menial but nevertheless vital tasks-including trireme building rowing and maintenance. Metics were usually Greeks from other city-states.

• The Term multi culturalism was initially used in Canada in 1965 to indicate a unique method of dealing with diversity.
• Metics are those the immigrating ethnic cultural groups who never get the opportunity to become citizens.
• Women of Non-Athenian origin could often rise to positions of considerable influence as courtesans.

Multicultural citizenship is meant by the preservation of cultural identities, values and practices and participation in the national civic culture and community by diverse groups in a political unit.

• Will Kymlica made the most thorough attempt to discover such rights in his book multicultural citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (1995).

• According to Kynlicka (2000), there are three types of minority rights:

• Self-government rights

• Polyethnic rights

• Representation right

The Pareto Principle is a concept that specifies that 80% of consequences come from 20% of the causes, asserting an unequal relationship between inputs and outputs.

• Pareto efficiency or Pareto optimality is an economic state where resources cannot be reallocated to make one individual better off without making at least one individual worse off.

Postmodernism is a late 20th-century movement in philosophy and literary theory that generally questions the basic assumptions of Western philosophy in the modern period.

• Postmodernism provocation the fundamental assumptions of western philosophy in the modern period. Hence rather than having an uncritical historical tendency, post modernism argues for deconstruction of every historical fact.