UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Dec.-2022 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE Shift (II)

John Dewey was an American Philospher and educational reformer. John Dewey said that democracy is more than a form of government, it is way of life. John Dewey's very famous book Democracy and education (1916).
He is also said, Decomcracy is not only about extension of voting rights. it's empower citizen's with the ability to take on the responsibility to make informed, intelligent choices and decisions leading to the public good. He belived that democracy is not just a political system but an ethical ideal with active participation by their citizens.

A Vindication of the right of women.
Book: A Vindication of the right of women was written by marry wollistonecraft in this book the argued that females should be regarded as full human beings who deserves all the same educational oughts as male. In her this work she certirized Edmund Burke for his work Reflection on revolution in france (1789) and Rousseau for Emile.
Some important Books of Mary Wollstonecraft are as. Maria: (The wrongs of woman) 1798 Mary: A fiction (1788) Original stories from real life (1788) Republic is written by Plato, well known for character philosopher king. The Archaeology of knowledge written by michel Faucault.

Will Kymlicka Will Kymlicka, Professor of philosophy at Queen's University. His writings are philosophical but also applied on current issues and debates. He is the author of three books published Liberalism, community and culture (1989), contemporary political Philosophy (1990), multicultural citizenship (1995).

Machiavelli belong to region of modern Italy. He is called as child of Renaissance. He is originator of the concept of European model of secularism. Machiavelli is not against religion, he was against church only because church was corrupt at that time. Machiavelli has utilitarian approach towards religion. That's the reason why M.B. Foster has argued that Machiavelli's political thought represents more of a pegan revival than a protestant religion.

Discourse on the science and arts. Our souls have been corrupted in proportion to advancement of our science and our arts towards perfect, it is mentioned in book Discourse on the science and arts which is written by Jean Jacques Rousseau.
Some important Books of Rousseau are
• The social contract
• Discourse on the origin and basis of inequality among men.
• Emile.
• Essays on the origin of languages.
• The book, wealth of Nations and the theory of moral sentiments is written by Adam smith.
• Discourse on the moral effect of arts and science- 1749

Apology is written by Plato.
Important Books of Aristotle is as follow-
• Politics.
• On the soul and on memory and recollection
• Nicomachean Ethics
• Eudemian Ethics/Athenian Constitution.
• Poetics
• The Rhetoric
• The categories
• To Pics
• The prior analytics
• Porterior analytics

Plato wants to create an ideal state, one needs the idea of ideal statc. According to Plato, idea is the perfect manifestation and belongs to the world of permanence, that is world of God. His theory of idea is based on Socrates theory of knowledge.

Confucius was a Chinese philosopher and teacher, emphasized the importance of moral values and social order. Some other work of Confucius are as follow-
• Book of Document
• Classic of Poetry
• Book of Rites

On September 1906 at Johannesburg, Indians gathered to protest against discriminatory law imposed by government. This event is known as Satyagrah Campaign. This is the beginning of long struggle in South Africa by Indians.

E.V. Ramaswami Naicker self respect movement was started by E.V. Ramaswami Niacker in Tamil Nadu in 1925. It was against Brahminical Hegemony and for equal rights for Background classes and women in the society and it was also for revitalisation of Dravidian languages like Telgu, Tamil, Kannad and Malyalam.