UGC NET/JRF EXAM, June-2023 (Paper-II) POLITICAL SCIENCE

M.N. Roy said, that “Radicalism thinks in terms neither of nation nor class, its concerns is man; it concerns freedom as freedom of the individual.” It's means radicalism prioritizes the individual's freedom and does not adhere to considerations of notion or class. Its centers on the liberation and empowerment of each person.

Important books and writing of M.N. Roy
• India in transition (1922)
• The future of India Politics (1926)
• The Russian Revolution (1937)
• The Historical Role of Islam: An Essay on Islamic Culture (1938)
• War and Revolution; international civil war (1942)
• People's Plan (1945)
• Revolution and counter-revolution in China (1946)
• New Humanism: A Manifesto (1947)
• Beyond Communism (1947)
• Reason, Romanticism and Revolution (1952)

Functional foremanship is an administration of the factory system that support for possessing numerous foremen in separate and variant functional roles. In early days, factories had just one total manager who would manage the entire operations. This manager or the foreman was the only point of contact for factory employees.
According to Taylor, it is impossible for a single worker to be master in each and every aspect of production. Therefore, he insisted that eight persons should be performing the duties of a foreman and this kind of work come to be known as functional foremanship.
The following roles were included in this kind of job.

J.P. Narayan's plan of reconstruction of India polity was primarily founded on the framework of a decentralized, participatory and grass-roots oriented political order. It proposed a decentralized polity with five levels : village, block, district, province and central. The resurrecting and reinvigoration the Panchayati Raj system as “Swaraj from below” was given top priority the Gram Sabha (Village assembly) would be the most basic and lowest level of political organisation.
The Gram Sabha was supposed to be the lynchpin of JP's grass-roots democracy. He proposed the development of two more interconnected bodies inside the system to provide an organic link between the various units of the panchayat raj.
The middle level of Panchayat Raj will be located at the administrative unit of block that is Panchayat Samiti. Finally the district panchayat or Zila Parishad was established as the pinnacle of the Panchayati Raj with member elected by Panchayat Samitis.

His major works:-
• Nation Building in India
• Prison Diary 1975 which was published in 1977
• India: Struggle for freedom, political, social and economics seek to understand the complexities of Swaraj
• Towards total revolution: India and her problems (1978)

The Scandinavian social democratic regime of welfare states corresponds to Richard Titmus's Institutional Redistribution Model in his three-fold classification of welfare state. The three-fold ideas of social policy typology which include ‘institutional’, ‘residual’ and ‘achievement performance’ welfare regime. Richard Titmus's is pioneer of social administration (social policy). His major works–
• Essays on ‘The welfare state’
• The gift relationship
• Commitment to welfare
• Social policy : An Introduction
• Welfare and Wellbeing: Richard Titmus contribution to social policy.

Dough Mc Adams used the term “Political Process Model” to designate the theory of movement emergence sketched in his 1982 book, political process and the development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. In the book, he posed the theory as an alternative to two other perspective. The first was what he referred to as the “classical strain model” at the time best exemplified by the “collective behaviour” perspective.
But McAdam also critiqued and sought to distinguish his model from the newer resource mobilization framework. Over time the distinction between these two perspective has been blurred by incorporating elements of both into a more general theoretical synthesis that emphasizes the simultaneous importance of ‘political opportunities’, ‘mobilizing’ and ‘framing process’.

The idealist school of thought in international relations proposed to replace ‘balance of power’ by disarmament. The idealist approach holds that old, ineffective and harmful modes of behaviour i.e., war use of force and violence should be abandoned in favour of new ways and means as determined by knowledge, reason, compassion and self-restraint. Some idealist thinker– Woodrow Wilson, Bertrand Russell, Mahatma Gandhi, Aldous Huxley, William Ladd, Richard Cobben, Margret Mead, Sir Alfred, John Maynard Keynes, Zimmern, Norman Angell.

The socialist movement development in France in the form of syndicalism, it is also called Anarcho/Revolutionary Syndicalism, a movement that advocates direct by the working class to abolish the capitalist order, including the state and to establish in its place a social order based on workers organized in production units.
The syndicalist movement flourished in France chiefly between 1900-1914. It developed out of strong anarchist and anti-parliamentary traditions among the french working class. Greatly influenced by the teachings of the anarchist Pierre - Joseph Proudhon and the socialist Auguste Blanqui developed the doctrine of french trade-union movement toward the end of the 19th century. Syndicalism also accepts the idea of class struggle. Thus, Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

The principles of a just war originated with classical Greek and Roman philosopher like Plato and Cicero and were added to by Christian theologians in 4th century Augustine and in 7th century hugo grotius accept the concept of Just war. Just war theory is divided into three parts that have latin name. These parts are–

Jus Ad Bellum – About the justice of restoring to war in the first place.
Jus in Bello – It is about justice of conduct within war.
Jus Post Bellum – This is about the justice of peace agreements and the termination phase of the war.

According to question, the principle of just war were–
• war as the last resort
• was must be declared on the basis of normally acceptable aims.
• A wholesale invasion is a justifiable response to a border incursion.

Thus, statement A, C and D only is correct.

Escott Reid in his book “Envoy to Nehru”, It critically scholarly memoir. Escott Reid is the Candian High Commissioner's Despatches from India (1952-57). This is a story of the special relationship between India and Canada during those years. Escott Reid provide not only a personal account of a critical period in the history of free India but also fascinating glimpses into the characters of the leading political personalities of the time like Nehru, Menon, Pannikkar etc.

Economic globalisation promotes prosperity and opportunity for all because economic globalisation promotes an open, market-based economy that brings social and political benefits. Thus, both A are R are true but R is the correct explanation of A.