UGC NTA NET/JRF Re-EXAM, June 2024 HISTORY (Shift-II)

Postmodernism was a cultural movement in the arts and philosophy that emerged in the second half of the 20th century, challenging the prevailing modernism that preceded it. Postmodernism emphasized multidimensionality, fragmentation, discontinuity /separability, interpenetrability, and ephemerality. JeanPraicois Lyotard is the founder of postmodernism.

In 712 AD, the Arabs, led by Muhammad bin Qasim, invaded Sindh. Information about this invasion is found in the Chachnama, written in Arabic and translated into Persian by Ali. At that time, Sindh was ruled by Dahir, who was defeated by Muhammad bin Qasim in the Battle of Rabar. The Arab conquest of Sindh had a profound impact on India.

The Portuguese traveler Domingo Paes visited Vijayanagara during the reign of Vijayanagara ruler Krishnadeva Raya. Describing Krishnadeva Raya, he describes him as "of medium height, fair complexion, and well-built, though somewhat overweight, with smallpox marks on his face." Domingo Paes praised the Vijayanagara capital highly, writing that "there was no commodity in the entire world that was not sold in its markets."

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In Rajasthan, self-cultivating farmers were known as Gaveti. Self-cultivating farmers were those who cultivated land in the village they lived in. They had permanent and hereditary ownership of their land. Self-cultivating farmers had the right to lease and sell their land. They were also known as Malik-e-Zamin.

The most prominent feature of the post-Mauryan period in ancient India was the growth of trade with the West. India's trade relations with Rome, the Western world, were quite strong during this period. India exported luxury goods to Rome, while Rome imported wine, glassware, pearls, gold, and other items from India. India did not import wood from the Western world.

The Pax Britannica policy adopted by the British during the first half of the 19th century appears to have resulted in the suppression of the Pindaris, the Thuggees, and the disbandment of irregular troops. The ban on moneylenders in rural areas was not a consequence of this policy. Moneylenders in rural areas primarily earned interest by lending money to local people.

The Boghazkoi inscription, dated to 1400 BCE, recovered from Turkey in Asia Minor, mentions four Rigvedic deities, including Indra, Mitra, Varuna, and Nasatya. Nasatya here refers to the Ashvin deity. This inscription describes a treaty between two kingdoms, with the four gods presented as witnesses. The Boghazkoi inscription was discovered by Wikler.

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