NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, January 2024 (Anthropology)

Total Questions: 100

1. The traditional writing materials before the discovery of paper were stone, clay, papyrus and ............

1. Cloth
2. Metal
3. Parchment
4. Wood

Correct Answer: 3. Parchment

Solution:Parchment was one of the primary traditional writing materials before the invention of paper. It is made from specially prepared animal skins, particularly those of sheep, goats, or calves. It was widely used in Europe and the Middle East for writing manuscripts, legal documents, and religious texts. Other materials used historically include stone, clay, and papyrus. However, parchment stood out due to its durability and reusability compared to papyrus and was especially prominent in the medieval period.

2. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Dating Method)	LIST-II (Material)
A. Dendrochronology	I. Burnt Clays
B. Thermoluminescence	II. Animal Bones
C. Oxygen Isotope	III. Tree Trunks
D. Fluorine Estimation	IV. Rocks

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
2. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
3. A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
4. A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I

Correct Answer: 3. A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Solution:A. Dendrochronology - III. Tree Trunks: Dendrochronology is the scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings, also called growth rings. This helps date wooden objects or environmental changes.
B. Thermoluminescence - I. Burnt Clays: This method is used to date materials that have been heated in the past, like burnt clay pottery. It measures the light emitted from mineral crystals in the object when heated.
C. Oxygen Isotope - IV. Rocks: Oxygen isotope analysis is mainly applied in geology and paleoclimatology. It measures the ratio of oxygen isotopes in carbonate rocks and ice cores to reconstruct past temperatures and climates.
D. Fluorine Estimation - II. Animal Bones: This dating method compares the amount of fluorine absorbed by bones from the surrounding soil. Older bones absorb more fluorine, helping to determine relative age.

3. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Statistical level)	LIST-II (Example)
A. Ratio	I. Names of political parties
B. Ordinal	II. Measuring temperature in Celsius scale
C. Interval	III. Measuring temperature in Kelvin scale
D. Nominal	IV. Socio-economic level

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
2. A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
3. A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
4. A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

Correct Answer: 3. A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I

Solution:A. Ratio - III. Measuring temperature in Kelvin scale: Ratio level data have a true zero and equal intervals. The Kelvin scale has an absolute zero, making it ratio-level.
B. Ordinal - IV. Socio-economic level: Ordinal data show relative ranking or order (e.g., low, middle, high socio-economic status), but the intervals between the ranks are not necessarily equal.
C. Interval - II. Measuring temperature in Celsius scale: Interval data have equal intervals but no true zero. The Celsius scale has arbitrary zero (0°C doesn't mean absence of temperature), so it's interval level.
D. Nominal - I. Names of political parties: Nominal data classify data into categories with no order or rank. Political party names fall under this category.

4. In which of the following books was the concept of detribalization was given by Yogendra Singh?

1. Tribes of India
2. Social Change of Modern India
3. Caste in Modern India
4. Modernization of Indian Tradition

Correct Answer: 4. Modernization of Indian Tradition

Solution:The concept of detribalization was discussed by Yogendra Singh in his book Modernization of Indian Tradition.

• The term refers to the process where tribal communities lose their traditional cultural identity and adopt characteristics of the dominant society.

• Singh discussed how modernization and integration into mainstream society impacted traditional tribal life, including their social structure, customs, and economy.

• This book provides a sociological perspective on how Indian society transitions through modernization, with special reference to castes and tribes.

5. The famous Rock Art sites in India are:

A. Bhimbetka
B. Burzahom
C. Adamgarh
D. Sarutaru
E. Dholavira
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A and B only
2. А, В and C only
3. A and C only
4. C, D and E only

Correct Answer: 3. A and C only

Solution:A. Bhimbetka and C. Adamgarh are both significant rock art sites in India.
• Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh): Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it contains prehistoric cave paintings dating back to over 30,000 years.
• Adamgarh (also in Madhya Pradesh): Known for its Stone Age tools and rock paintings.
• Burzahom (Jammu & Kashmir) and Dholavira (Gujarat) are important archaeological sites but not primarily rock art sites.
• Sarutaru (Assam) is also an archaeological site associated with Neolithic cultures but not known for rock art.

6. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Concept/Factor)	LIST-II (Explanation/Example)
A. Hypertrophy	I. Yellowing hormone
B. Hyperplasia	II. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA)
C. Gonadal hormones	III. Cell division by mitosis
D. Adrenal hormones	IV. Elongation of already existing cells

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
2. A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
3. A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
4. A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

Correct Answer: 4. A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

Solution:• A. Hypertrophy - IV. Elongation of already existing cells: Hypertrophy is the increase in the size of cells, which leads to the enlargement of organs or tissues. This involves elongation or expansion of pre-existing cells rather than formation of new cells.
• B. Hyperplasia - III. Cell division by mitosis: Hyperplasia refers to the increase in the number of cells due to cell division (mitosis). This results in the growth of tissue or organ size.
• C. Gonadal hormones - I. Yellowing hormone: Gonadal hormones (e.g., estrogen, progesterone) are involved in reproductive functions. The term "yellowing hormone" refers to luteinizing hormone (LH), which is crucial in forming the corpus luteum (yellow body) in the ovary.
• D. Adrenal hormones - II. Dehydroepi- androsterone (DHA): DHA or Dehydroepiandrosterone is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal glands. It serves as a precursor for sex hormones like testosteroe and estrogen.

7. The disequilibrium model in ecological archaeology was followed by:

1. Robert Braidwood
2. Robert Bruce Foote
3. Kent Flannry
4. Briyan Hayden

Correct Answer: 3. Kent Flannry

Solution:Kent Flannery is a prominent figure in ecological archaeology.
• He proposed the disequilibrium model, which challenges the earlier equilibrium-based models (e.g., by Braidwood).
• The disequilibrium model emphasizes that human-environment interactions are dynamic and often unstable.
• Flannery focused on the role of cultural and environmental variability in shaping ancient human behaviour and adaptations.
• His work included significant fieldwork in Mesoamerica, particularly in the Valley of Oaxaca.

8. Who is the author of the 'Principles of Geology' (1833)?

1. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
2. Charles Lyell
3. James Hutton
4. Charles Darwin

Correct Answer: 2. Charles Lyell

Solution:Sir Charles Lyell authored the influential book 'Principles of Geology' in 1833, which popularized the concept of uniformitarianism - the idea that the Earth's features developed over long periods through the same natural processes observed today. This work greatly influenced Charles Darwin, especially during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. Lyell is considered one of the founding fathers of modern geology.

9. Parochialization combines:

A. localization
B. western contact
C. limitation upon the scope of intelligibility
D. upward evolution
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A and B only
2. B and D only
3. B and C only
4. A and C only

Correct Answer: 4. A and C only

Solution:Parochialization refers to the process where cultural elements are adapted and limited to local meanings and interpretations.
A. Localization: This indicates the adaptation of global or external elements into local culture, giving them new meanings. It is a key feature of parochialization.
C. Limitation upon the scope of intelligibility: Parochialization restricts broader or universal meanings, creating interpretations that make sense only within specific local contexts.
Options B (Western contact) and D (Upward evolution) are more aligned with universalization rather than parochialization.

10. Monochronic culture is:

A. a culture whose people view time in a cyclic fashion.
B. a culture whose people view time in a linear fashion.
C. a culture places great importance on punctuality.
D. a cultural whose people prefer to work one task at a time
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. B and D only
2. A, В and C only
3. C and D only
4. В, С and D only

Correct Answer: 4. В, С and D only

Solution:В. A culture whose people view time in a linear fashion: Monochronic cultures (e.g., Germány, USA) see time as a linear path - past, present, and future are separate and sequential.
C. A culture places great importance on punctuality: In monochronic cultures, time is treated as a valuable resource, and being punctual is seen as respectful and professional.
D. A culture whose people prefer to work one task at a time: Monochronic individuals tend to focus on one task before moving to the next, valuing schedules and deadlines.
A (cyclic time view) is typical of polychronic cultures (e.g., many Asian or Indigenous cultures), not monochronic ones.