UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication & Journalism,June-2019*

Samsung, Ricoh, Pentax, Hasselblad (native camera support); and, Better Light (export). The Leica Digital-Modul-R (DMR) was first to use DNG as its native format.

In September 2009 Adobe stated that there were no known intellectual property encumbrances or license requirements for DNG.

(There is a "Digital Negative (DNG) Specification Patent License", but it does not actually state that there are any patents held on DNG, and the September 2009 statement was made at least 4 years after this license was published). TIFF/EP began its 5-year revision cycle in 2006.

Adobe offered the DNG specification to ISO to be part of ISO's revised TIFF/EP standard. A progress report in October 2008 from ISO about the revision of TIFF/EP stated that the revision "... currently includes two "interoperability-profiles," "IP 1" for processed image data, using ".

TIF" extension, and "IP 2" for "raw" image data, ".DNG" extension". It is "IP 2" that is relevant here. A progress report in September 2009 states that "This format will be similar to DNG 1.3, which serves as the starting point for development.

DNG has been used by open-source developers. Use by camera makers varies: the largest companies such as Canon, Nikon, Sony, and some others, do not use DNG.

Smaller companies and makers of "niche" cameras who might otherwise have difficulty getting support from software companies frequently use DNG as their native raw image format. Pentax uses DNG as an optional alternative to their own raw image format.

There are 15 or more such companies, even including a few that specialize in movie cameras. In addition, most Canon point & shoot cameras can support DNG by using CHDK.

Behavioural segmentation is done by organizing on the basis of buying patterns of customers like usage frequency, brand loyalty, benefits needed, during any occasion etc. It is done keeping in mind the needs and wants of a customer based on the behaviour that they show.

Behavioural Segmentation Parameters

The target consumers for a product or a campaign can be grouped on the basis of their behavioural characteristics which can be as follows:

• Occasion oriented: When a product is used or purchased for a particular occasion only. The occasion can be repetitive or can be once in a lifetime occasion. This is also known as occasion segmentation.

• Usage oriented: The grouping can be on the basis of how much a product is being used/consumed by the customer. Accordingly, we call them heavy user or light user groups. Hence the usage frequency is considered as a part of behavioural segmentation.

• Loyalty oriented: Markets are segmented based on the retention rates of the consumers which is a fair indication of brand loyalty among them.

A brand commanding a high degree of loyalty has a very high retention rate and does not need to worry too much about acquiring new customers. But a brand with low loyalty levels continually needs to recruit new and new consumers to its basket.

• Benefits sought: This is also known as benefit segmentation. Consumer segmentation is also done on the basis of the different benefits perceived by different consumers.

There are certain benefits that a person is seeking from a product. Many such products are available which have different variety, price etc which fulfill the needs of a customer. But a customer opts for only those which gives him or her the maximum benefit.

Vertov’s feature film, produced by the film studio VUFKU, presents urban life in the Soviet cities of Kiev, Kharkov, Moscow and Odessa. It has no actors. From dawn to dusk Soviet citizens are shown at work and at play, and interacting with the machinery of modern life.

To the extent that it can be said to have “characters”, they are the cameramen of the title, the film editor, and the modern Soviet Union they discover and present in the film.

Man with a Movie Camera is famous for the range of cinematic techniques Vertov invented, employed or developed, such as multiple exposure, fast motion, slow motion, freeze frames, match cuts, jump cuts, split screens, Dutch angles, extreme close-ups,

tracking shots, reversed footage, stop motion animations and self-reflexive visuals (at one point it features a split-screen tracking shot; the sides have opposite Dutch angles).

Man with a Movie Camera was largely dismissed upon its initial release; the work’s quick-cut editing, self-reflexivity, and emphasis on form over content were all subjects of criticism.

In the British Film Institute’s 2012 Sight & Sound poll, however, film critics voted it the eighth greatest film ever made, and the work was later named the best documentary of all time in the same magazine.

Gyan Vani (GV) FM Radio was conceived in 2001 as a network of educational FM Radio Channels operating from various cities in the country.

With an aim to enhance and supplement the teaching-learning process, each GV Station has a range of about 60 kms and covers an entire city/town including the adjoining rural areas.

To create a strong sense of brand identity, it must have an in-depth understanding of its target market, competitors and the surrounding business environment. Brand identity includes both the core identity and the extended identity.

The core identity reflects consistent long-term associations with the brand; whereas the extended identity involves the intricate details of the brand that help generate a constant motif. According to Kotler et al., a brand’s identity may deliver four levels of meaning—attributes, benefits, values and personality.

The National Film Awards is the most prominent film award ceremonies in India. Established in 1954, it has been administered, along with the International Film Festival of India and the Indian Panorama, by the Indian government’s Directorate of Film Festivals since 1973.

The National Film Awards are presented in two main categories: Feature Films and Non-Feature Films. The juries are appointed by the Directorate of Film Festivals in India.

involving members of two Paris film clubs—Objectif 49 (Objective 49) (Robert Bresson, Jean Cocteau, and Alexandre Astruc, among others) and Ciné-Club du Quartier Latin (Cinema Club of the Latin Quarter).

Initially edited by Doniol-Valcroze and, after 1957, by Éric Rohmer (Maurice Scherer), it included amongst its writers Jacques Rivette, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol, and François Truffaut. It is the oldest French-language film magazine in publication.

They explain why a story interests its audience; and how editors and other journalists decide that one piece of information is news while another is not. Media outlets include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet. News values are also called news criteria or news factors.

Journalists are looking out for news stories that attract a significant audience or readership.

They must discover which information is newsworthy and filter out that which is of little interest. By applying a set of guidelines or criteria, they can identify what material will make the best stories. We call these guidelines “news values”.

In 1975 he introduced the “third window” lending, an attempt to leverage limited concessional funds. And he attempted to create a separate energy affiliate to assist developing countries in the improvement of their energy position.

If you are focusing on the reliability of a test, all you need to ask is—are the results of the test consistent? If I take the test today, a week from now and a month from now, will my results be the same?

In short, here is a good reliability test definition: if an assessment is reliable, your results will be very similar no matter when you take the test. If the results are inconsistent, the test is not considered reliable.