Article of The Constitution (Indian Polity and Governance)

Separation of powers is the division of the legislative, executive, and judicial functions of government among separate and independent bodies.

The Legislature makes laws, the Executive puts those laws into effect, and the Judiciary administers justice by interpreting the law and ensuring that the law is upheld.
The purpose of separation is to limit the possibility of arbitrary excesses by the government.

Separation of powers also prevents misuse of power or accumulation of power in a few hands, which thereby safeguards the society from arbitrary and irrational power of the state.

• Article 5: Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution:
  This article defines who became citizens of India at the time the Constitution came into effect, on January 26, 1950. It outlines conditions related to domicile, birth, and residence in India.
• Article 124: Establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court:
  This article lays down the framework for the Supreme Court of India, including provisions for its composition (number of judges), appointment of judges, their removal (on grounds of misbehavior or incapacity), and oath-taking.
• Article 245: Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States:
  This article defines the territorial jurisdiction of laws made by the Parliament and the state legislatures. Generally, Parliament can make laws for the whole or any part of India, while state legislatures can make laws for their respective states.
• Article 352: Proclamation of Emergency:
  This article outlines the process for declaring a National Emergency by the President of India. It can be declared in cases of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. The President can also issue a Proclamation if he is satisfied that the security of India or any part of it is threatened.

• Article 14: Right to Equality:
  This article ensures that all citizens are treated equally before the law and are entitled to equal protection of the laws. It prohibits discrimination based on grounds like caste, race, religion, sex, or place of birth. However, this does not mean identical treatment, but rather that reasonable classification is permissible if it has an intelligible differentia and a rational nexus with the object of the law.
• Article 36: Definition of "State" (Part IV):
  Article 36, within Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy), defines "State" for the purposes of this Part. It essentially means the same entities as defined in Article 12 (which falls under Fundamental Rights). This includes the Union and State governments, their agencies, and local authorities within India's territory.
• Article 74: Council of Ministers to Aid and Advise President:
  This article establishes the role of the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, in assisting and advising the President in the exercise of his/her functions. The President is bound by the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers.
• Article 368: Power of Parliament to Amend the Constitution:
  This article grants Parliament the power to amend the Constitution, but it also outlines the specific procedure for doing so. It specifies that amendments can be initiated by either House of Parliament, and must be passed by a special majority (two-thirds of the members present and voting). Some parts of the Constitution, particularly those related to fundamental rights, may require ratification by a certain number of State Legislatures.

Article 155 is related to the appointment of the Governor and Article 14 is related to the appointment of Chief Ministers of the States and the other ministers shall be appointed by the governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. Article 170 contains provisions for the composition of the State Legislative Assemblies.