Atomic Structure

A neutrino is a subatomic particle that is very similar to an electron, but has no electrical charge and a very small mass, which might even be zero. Neutrinos are one of the most abundant particles in the universe. Because they have very little interaction with matter, however, they are incredibly difficult to detect.

An alpha particle is a fast-moving particle containing two protons and two neutrons (a helium nucleus). Its mass is equal to that of helium atom's nucleus. Alpha particles carry a charge of +2 and strongly interact with matter. Produced during alpha decay, alpha particles can travel only a few inches through the air and can be easily stopped with a sheet of paper.

An alpha particle is a fast-moving particle containing two protons and two neutrons (a helium nucleus). Its mass is equal to that of helium atom's nucleus. Alpha particles carry a charge of +2 and strongly interact with matter. Produced during alpha decay, alpha particles can travel only a few inches through the air and can be easily stopped with a sheet of paper.

The atomic number of Hydrogen is 1. The Protium (1H^1H1H) isotope of hydrogen has no neutron, while Deuterium (2H^2H2H) has one neutron, and Tritium (3H^3H3H) has two neutrons.

Beta particles ($\beta$) are highly energetic electrons which are negatively charged (-1e). X-rays and Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiations and do not carry any charge, while Alpha particles are positively charged.

Alpha particles ($\alpha$) are positively charged particles emitted by radioactive elements, such as the Helium nucleus (He++\text{He}^{++}He++).

The Aufbau principle is used to determine the electron configuration of an atom, molecule, or ion. Electrons fill orbitals starting at the lowest available energy levels before filling higher ones.

The magnetic quantum number refers to the orientation of an electron's angular momentum around a given axis. It denotes the unique quantum state and the energy levels within a subshell.

The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons. Given 18 electrons and 20 neutrons, the mass number is $18+20=38$.

The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons. Given two protons and two neutrons, the mass number is $2+2=4$.