Biology (Part-VII) (Railway)

• The cells use oxygen to break down food in the form of glucose to produce water and release carbon dioxide

• In this reaction, energy is produced in the form of ATP that is used by the cell for its various activities.

• It involves synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water, so it is known as anabolic process.

• It involves oxidation of water which releases electrons.

• It consists of cube-shaped epithelial cells.

• These cells reabsorb materials filtered from blood plasma such as nutrients, ions, and water.

• UV exposure increases by about 33 percent for every 20 percent loss of the ozone layer.

• So, the thinning of Ozone layer will lead to higher ultraviolet levels, which in turn will cause increased skin cancers.

• They also store waste in old xylem or bark which are actually dead cells. The waste from this is excreted in the form of gums and resins.

• In the nostrils, air gets warmed and moistened.

• Tiny hairs in the nose called cilia filter out dust and other particles.

• Vacuoles are single membrane-bound structure.

• Some plants store waste material in the leaves which fall off, while some store it in the form of resins and gums.

• Specifically, HIV targets T helper cells (CD4 cells), leading to the eventual death of the cell.

• CD4 cells are vital players in the regulation of immune responses to invading microorganisms.

• These sugars can be further broken down in the small intestine.

• Oxygen is given out during this process.

• Photosynthesis is expressed as 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light energy C₆H₁₂O₆ (sugar) + 6O₂