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COMPREHENSION PART- 5

📆 November 27, 2024

Total Questions: 50

41. The severe cyclonic storm, Nisarga, which made a landfall south of Alibag in Maharashtra's Raigad district on Wednesday at 11.30 a.m. is an indication of an increasing frequency of severe cyclones developing in the Arabian Sea in the past decade, a trend that studies have linked to climate change. In the past two years, there have been seven cyclones in the Arabian Sea. though, according to India Meteorological Department (IMD), the ratio of cyclones in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal which just witnessed the destructive cyclone Amphan on May 21 is 1:(d) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) last year came out with a special report, Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, in which it said that extreme rainfall and extreme sea level events associated with some tropical cyclones are being seen to have a cascading impact on coastal areas. "There is emerging evidence for an increase in annual global proportion of Category 4 or 5 tropical cyclones in recent decades," the IPCC report had said. A category 4 cyclone has a wind speed of 209-251 kmph, and is referred to as an extremely severe cyclonic storm, while a category 5 cyclone has a wind speed of more than 252 kmph, and is referred to as a super cyclone. The IPCC report refers to a 2017 study led by Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University, USA, which found that in 2014 and 2015, post-monsoon extremely severe cyclonic storms (ESCS) were first observed over the Arabian Sea causing widespread damage. The study had concluded that climate change had led to an increase in the occurrence of ESCSs in the Arabian Sea. "Our research suggests that cyclones would be more frequent during the post monsoon season (October-December) by a series climate model simulations. However, we didn't find any significant changes in cyclone activity during the pre-monsoon (April-June) season through the climate simulations. It is very difficult to identify if a cyclone (like Nisarga) is generated in line with climate change," said Hiroyuki Murakami, the lead author of the study. "Coastal hazards will be exacerbated by an increase in the average intensity, magnitude of storm surge, rising mean sea levels and precipitation rates of tropical cyclones," the IPCC report further stated. [SSC CGL Tier II (03/02/2022)]

According to the research on cyclones, the frequency of cyclones is expected to be more during:

 

Correct Answer: (a) January-March

42. The severe cyclonic storm, Nisarga, which made a landfall south of Alibag in Maharashtra's Raigad district on Wednesday at 11.30 a.m. is an indication of an increasing frequency of severe cyclones developing in the Arabian Sea in the past decade, a trend that studies have linked to climate change. In the past two years, there have been seven cyclones in the Arabian Sea. though, according to India Meteorological Department (IMD), the ratio of cyclones in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal which just witnessed the destructive cyclone Amphan on May 21 is 1:(d) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) last year came out with a special report, Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, in which it said that extreme rainfall and extreme sea level events associated with some tropical cyclones are being seen to have a cascading impact on coastal areas. "There is emerging evidence for an increase in annual global proportion of Category 4 or 5 tropical cyclones in recent decades," the IPCC report had said. A category 4 cyclone has a wind speed of 209-251 kmph, and is referred to as an extremely severe cyclonic storm, while a category 5 cyclone has a wind speed of more than 252 kmph, and is referred to as a super cyclone. The IPCC report refers to a 2017 study led by Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University, USA, which found that in 2014 and 2015, post-monsoon extremely severe cyclonic storms (ESCS) were first observed over the Arabian Sea causing widespread damage. The study had concluded that climate change had led to an increase in the occurrence of ESCSs in the Arabian Sea. "Our research suggests that cyclones would be more frequent during the post monsoon season (October-December) by a series climate model simulations. However, we didn't find any significant changes in cyclone activity during the pre-monsoon (April-June) season through the climate simulations. It is very difficult to identify if a cyclone (like Nisarga) is generated in line with climate change," said Hiroyuki Murakami, the lead author of the study. "Coastal hazards will be exacerbated by an increase in the average intensity, magnitude of storm surge, rising mean sea levels and precipitation rates of tropical cyclones," the IPCC report further stated. [SSC CGL Tier II (03/02/2022)]

Match the words (a, b, c) with their meanings (1, 2, 3).

a. cascading                               (1) intensify

b. precipitation                         (2) drop-down

c. exacerbate                             (3) rainfall

 

 

Correct Answer: (a) a-3, b-2 , c-1

43. The severe cyclonic storm, Nisarga, which made a landfall south of Alibag in Maharashtra's Raigad district on Wednesday at 11.30 a.m. is an indication of an increasing frequency of severe cyclones developing in the Arabian Sea in the past decade, a trend that studies have linked to climate change. In the past two years, there have been seven cyclones in the Arabian Sea. though, according to India Meteorological Department (IMD), the ratio of cyclones in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal which just witnessed the destructive cyclone Amphan on May 21 is 1:(d) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) last year came out with a special report, Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, in which it said that extreme rainfall and extreme sea level events associated with some tropical cyclones are being seen to have a cascading impact on coastal areas. "There is emerging evidence for an increase in annual global proportion of Category 4 or 5 tropical cyclones in recent decades," the IPCC report had said. A category 4 cyclone has a wind speed of 209-251 kmph, and is referred to as an extremely severe cyclonic storm, while a category 5 cyclone has a wind speed of more than 252 kmph, and is referred to as a super cyclone. The IPCC report refers to a 2017 study led by Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University, USA, which found that in 2014 and 2015, post-monsoon extremely severe cyclonic storms (ESCS) were first observed over the Arabian Sea causing widespread damage. The study had concluded that climate change had led to an increase in the occurrence of ESCSs in the Arabian Sea. "Our research suggests that cyclones would be more frequent during the post monsoon season (October-December) by a series climate model simulations. However, we didn't find any significant changes in cyclone activity during the pre-monsoon (April-June) season through the climate simulations. It is very difficult to identify if a cyclone (like Nisarga) is generated in line with climate change," said Hiroyuki Murakami, the lead author of the study. "Coastal hazards will be exacerbated by an increase in the average intensity, magnitude of storm surge, rising mean sea levels and precipitation rates of tropical cyclones," the IPCC report further stated. [SSC CGL Tier II (03/02/2022)]

The passage is mainly focused on:

 

Correct Answer: (a) the research on super cyclones

44. The severe cyclonic storm, Nisarga, which made a landfall south of Alibag in Maharashtra's Raigad district on Wednesday at 11.30 a.m. is an indication of an increasing frequency of severe cyclones developing in the Arabian Sea in the past decade, a trend that studies have linked to climate change. In the past two years, there have been seven cyclones in the Arabian Sea. though, according to India Meteorological Department (IMD), the ratio of cyclones in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal which just witnessed the destructive cyclone Amphan on May 21 is 1:(d) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) last year came out with a special report, Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, in which it said that extreme rainfall and extreme sea level events associated with some tropical cyclones are being seen to have a cascading impact on coastal areas. "There is emerging evidence for an increase in annual global proportion of Category 4 or 5 tropical cyclones in recent decades," the IPCC report had said. A category 4 cyclone has a wind speed of 209-251 kmph, and is referred to as an extremely severe cyclonic storm, while a category 5 cyclone has a wind speed of more than 252 kmph, and is referred to as a super cyclone. The IPCC report refers to a 2017 study led by Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University, USA, which found that in 2014 and 2015, post-monsoon extremely severe cyclonic storms (ESCS) were first observed over the Arabian Sea causing widespread damage. The study had concluded that climate change had led to an increase in the occurrence of ESCSs in the Arabian Sea. "Our research suggests that cyclones would be more frequent during the post monsoon season (October-December) by a series climate model simulations. However, we didn't find any significant changes in cyclone activity during the pre-monsoon (April-June) season through the climate simulations. It is very difficult to identify if a cyclone (like Nisarga) is generated in line with climate change," said Hiroyuki Murakami, the lead author of the study. "Coastal hazards will be exacerbated by an increase in the average intensity, magnitude of storm surge, rising mean sea levels and precipitation rates of tropical cyclones," the IPCC report further stated. [SSC CGL Tier II (03/02/2022)]

The hazards in coastal areas worsen due to the increase in which of the following?

a. Precipitation rate of the cyclone

b. Magnitude of storm

c. The rise of sea level

 

Correct Answer: (a) Only a and c are true

45. The severe cyclonic storm, Nisarga, which made a landfall south of Alibag in Maharashtra's Raigad district on Wednesday at 11.30 a.m. is an indication of an increasing frequency of severe cyclones developing in the Arabian Sea in the past decade, a trend that studies have linked to climate change. In the past two years, there have been seven cyclones in the Arabian Sea. though, according to India Meteorological Department (IMD), the ratio of cyclones in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal which just witnessed the destructive cyclone Amphan on May 21 is 1:(d) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) last year came out with a special report, Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, in which it said that extreme rainfall and extreme sea level events associated with some tropical cyclones are being seen to have a cascading impact on coastal areas. "There is emerging evidence for an increase in annual global proportion of Category 4 or 5 tropical cyclones in recent decades," the IPCC report had said. A category 4 cyclone has a wind speed of 209-251 kmph, and is referred to as an extremely severe cyclonic storm, while a category 5 cyclone has a wind speed of more than 252 kmph, and is referred to as a super cyclone. The IPCC report refers to a 2017 study led by Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University, USA, which found that in 2014 and 2015, post-monsoon extremely severe cyclonic storms (ESCS) were first observed over the Arabian Sea causing widespread damage. The study had concluded that climate change had led to an increase in the occurrence of ESCSs in the Arabian Sea. "Our research suggests that cyclones would be more frequent during the post monsoon season (October-December) by a series climate model simulations. However, we didn't find any significant changes in cyclone activity during the pre-monsoon (April-June) season through the climate simulations. It is very difficult to identify if a cyclone (like Nisarga) is generated in line with climate change," said Hiroyuki Murakami, the lead author of the study. "Coastal hazards will be exacerbated by an increase in the average intensity, magnitude of storm surge, rising mean sea levels and precipitation rates of tropical cyclones," the IPCC report further stated. [SSC CGL Tier II (03/02/2022)]

Which of the following is a category 4 cyclone? speed of 209-251 kmph

 

Correct Answer: (a) One with a wind

46. The term 'dietary fibres' refers collectively to indigestible carbohydrates present in plant foods. The importance of these dietary fibres came into the picture when it was observed that the people taking a diet rich in these fibres had low incidence of coronary heart disease, irritable bowel syndrome, dental caries and gall stones. The foodstuffs rich in these dietary fibres are cereals and grains, legumes, fruits with seeds, citrus fruits, carrots, cabbage, green leafy vegetables, apples, melons, peaches, pears etc. These dietary fibres are not digested by the enzymes of the stomach and the small intestine. They have the property of holding water and because of it, these get swollen and behave like a sponge as these pass through the gastrointestinal tract. The fibres add bulk to the diet and Increase transit time in the gut and decrease the time of release of ingested food in the colon. These fibres hold water so the stools are soft, bulky and readily eliminated. In recent years, it has been considered essential to have some amount of fibres in the diet. Their beneficial effects lie in preventing heart disease and decreasing cholesterol level. The fibres like gum and pectin are reported to decrease post prandial (after meals) glucose level in blood. They are also recommended for the management of certain types of diabetes. The fibres increase motility of the small intestine and the colon and so there is less time for exposure of the mucosa to harmful toxic substances. Therefore, there is a less desire to eat and the energy intake can be maintained within the range of requirement. This phenomenon helps in keeping a check on obesity. The dietary fibres may have some adverse effects on nutrition by binding some trace metals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and others and therefore preventing their proper absorption. This may pose a possibility of nutritional deficiency especially when diets contain marginal levels of mineral elements. This may put constraints on increasing dietary fibres. It is suggested that an intake of 40 gram dietary fibres per day is desirable. [SSC CPO Tier II (26/07/2021)]

What are dietary fibres?

 

Correct Answer: (a) Indigestible carbohydrates in plant foods

47. The term 'dietary fibres' refers collectively to indigestible carbohydrates present in plant foods. The importance of these dietary fibres came into the picture when it was observed that the people taking a diet rich in these fibres had low incidence of coronary heart disease, irritable bowel syndrome, dental caries and gall stones. The foodstuffs rich in these dietary fibres are cereals and grains, legumes, fruits with seeds, citrus fruits, carrots, cabbage, green leafy vegetables, apples, melons, peaches, pears etc. These dietary fibres are not digested by the enzymes of the stomach and the small intestine. They have the property of holding water and because of it, these get swollen and behave like a sponge as these pass through the gastrointestinal tract. The fibres add bulk to the diet and Increase transit time in the gut and decrease the time of release of ingested food in the colon. These fibres hold water so the stools are soft, bulky and readily eliminated. In recent years, it has been considered essential to have some amount of fibres in the diet. Their beneficial effects lie in preventing heart disease and decreasing cholesterol level. The fibres like gum and pectin are reported to decrease post prandial (after meals) glucose level in blood. They are also recommended for the management of certain types of diabetes. The fibres increase motility of the small intestine and the colon and so there is less time for exposure of the mucosa to harmful toxic substances. Therefore, there is a less desire to eat and the energy intake can be maintained within the range of requirement. This phenomenon helps in keeping a check on obesity. The dietary fibres may have some adverse effects on nutrition by binding some trace metals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and others and therefore preventing their proper absorption. This may pose a possibility of nutritional deficiency especially when diets contain marginal levels of mineral elements. This may put constraints on increasing dietary fibres. It is suggested that an intake of 40 gram dietary fibres per day is desirable. [SSC CPO Tier II (26/07/2021)]

Which of the following is NOT rich in dietary fibres?

 

Correct Answer: (c) Glucose

48. The term 'dietary fibres' refers collectively to indigestible carbohydrates present in plant foods. The importance of these dietary fibres came into the picture when it was observed that the people taking a diet rich in these fibres had low incidence of coronary heart disease, irritable bowel syndrome, dental caries and gall stones. The foodstuffs rich in these dietary fibres are cereals and grains, legumes, fruits with seeds, citrus fruits, carrots, cabbage, green leafy vegetables, apples, melons, peaches, pears etc. These dietary fibres are not digested by the enzymes of the stomach and the small intestine. They have the property of holding water and because of it, these get swollen and behave like a sponge as these pass through the gastrointestinal tract. The fibres add bulk to the diet and Increase transit time in the gut and decrease the time of release of ingested food in the colon. These fibres hold water so the stools are soft, bulky and readily eliminated. In recent years, it has been considered essential to have some amount of fibres in the diet. Their beneficial effects lie in preventing heart disease and decreasing cholesterol level. The fibres like gum and pectin are reported to decrease post prandial (after meals) glucose level in blood. They are also recommended for the management of certain types of diabetes. The fibres increase motility of the small intestine and the colon and so there is less time for exposure of the mucosa to harmful toxic substances. Therefore, there is a less desire to eat and the energy intake can be maintained within the range of requirement. This phenomenon helps in keeping a check on obesity. The dietary fibres may have some adverse effects on nutrition by binding some trace metals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and others and therefore preventing their proper absorption. This may pose a possibility of nutritional deficiency especially when diets contain marginal levels of mineral elements. This may put constraints on increasing dietary fibres. It is suggested that an intake of 40 gram dietary fibres per day is desirable. [SSC CPO Tier II (26/07/2021)]

The dietary fibres behave like a sponge because they:

 

Correct Answer: (a) can absorb water and swell up

49. The term 'dietary fibres' refers collectively to indigestible carbohydrates present in plant foods. The importance of these dietary fibres came into the picture when it was observed that the people taking a diet rich in these fibres had low incidence of coronary heart disease, irritable bowel syndrome, dental caries and gall stones. The foodstuffs rich in these dietary fibres are cereals and grains, legumes, fruits with seeds, citrus fruits, carrots, cabbage, green leafy vegetables, apples, melons, peaches, pears etc. These dietary fibres are not digested by the enzymes of the stomach and the small intestine. They have the property of holding water and because of it, these get swollen and behave like a sponge as these pass through the gastrointestinal tract. The fibres add bulk to the diet and Increase transit time in the gut and decrease the time of release of ingested food in the colon. These fibres hold water so the stools are soft, bulky and readily eliminated. In recent years, it has been considered essential to have some amount of fibres in the diet. Their beneficial effects lie in preventing heart disease and decreasing cholesterol level. The fibres like gum and pectin are reported to decrease post prandial (after meals) glucose level in blood. They are also recommended for the management of certain types of diabetes. The fibres increase motility of the small intestine and the colon and so there is less time for exposure of the mucosa to harmful toxic substances. Therefore, there is a less desire to eat and the energy intake can be maintained within the range of requirement. This phenomenon helps in keeping a check on obesity. The dietary fibres may have some adverse effects on nutrition by binding some trace metals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and others and therefore preventing their proper absorption. This may pose a possibility of nutritional deficiency especially when diets contain marginal levels of mineral elements. This may put constraints on increasing dietary fibres. It is suggested that an intake of 40 gram dietary fibres per day is desirable. [SSC CPO Tier II (26/07/2021)]

What is the theme of the passage?

 

Correct Answer: (a) Importance of dietary fibres

50. The term 'dietary fibres' refers collectively to indigestible carbohydrates present in plant foods. The importance of these dietary fibres came into the picture when it was observed that the people taking a diet rich in these fibres had low incidence of coronary heart disease, irritable bowel syndrome, dental caries and gall stones. The foodstuffs rich in these dietary fibres are cereals and grains, legumes, fruits with seeds, citrus fruits, carrots, cabbage, green leafy vegetables, apples, melons, peaches, pears etc. These dietary fibres are not digested by the enzymes of the stomach and the small intestine. They have the property of holding water and because of it, these get swollen and behave like a sponge as these pass through the gastrointestinal tract. The fibres add bulk to the diet and Increase transit time in the gut and decrease the time of release of ingested food in the colon. These fibres hold water so the stools are soft, bulky and readily eliminated. In recent years, it has been considered essential to have some amount of fibres in the diet. Their beneficial effects lie in preventing heart disease and decreasing cholesterol level. The fibres like gum and pectin are reported to decrease post prandial (after meals) glucose level in blood. They are also recommended for the management of certain types of diabetes. The fibres increase motility of the small intestine and the colon and so there is less time for exposure of the mucosa to harmful toxic substances. Therefore, there is a less desire to eat and the energy intake can be maintained within the range of requirement. This phenomenon helps in keeping a check on obesity. The dietary fibres may have some adverse effects on nutrition by binding some trace metals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and others and therefore preventing their proper absorption. This may pose a possibility of nutritional deficiency especially when diets contain marginal levels of mineral elements. This may put constraints on increasing dietary fibres. It is suggested that an intake of 40 gram dietary fibres per day is desirable. [SSC CPO Tier II (26/07/2021)]

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

 

Correct Answer: (c) Dietary fibres help in absorption of trace metals.
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