Computer and Information Technology (Physics) Part-I

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of the Internet Protocol (IP). IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. In December 1998, IPv6 became a Draft Standard for the IETF, which subsequently ratified it as an Internet Standard on 14 July 2017.

IPv6 encompasses many design improvements, including the replacement of the 32-bit IPv4 address format [which provides 2³² (4,294,967,296) addresses] with a 128-bit address format which provides an addressing space without limitations for the foreseeable future. IPv6 theoretically allows 2¹²⁸, or approximately 3.4 × 10³⁸ total addresses.

The Bluetooth technology was developed in 1994 by Jaap Haartsen. Through this technology mobile phones, laptops, calculators, and digital cameras are connected and share information and data by using radio waves.

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distance using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz from fixed and mobile devices and building personal area networks, Wi-Fi means a local area wireless computer network technology that allows electronic devices to connect with network, mainly using the 2.4 gigahertz UAF and 5 gigahertz SHF ISM radio band.

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distance using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz from fixed and mobile devices and building personal area networks, Wi-Fi means a local area wireless computer network technology that allows electronic devices to connect with network, mainly using the 2.4 gigahertz UAF and 5 gigahertz SHF ISM radio band.

On September 12, 2015, the Indian Railways announced its partnership with the tech giant Google to provide free Wi-Fi services to 400 railway stations across the country. In January 2016, Mumbai Central Railway Station had become the first railway station in India to have Wi-Fi facility.

Li-Fi technology is a ground-breaking light based communication technology which makes use of light waves instead of radio technology to deliver data.

Li-Fi technology will enable faster, more reliable internet connections in future, even when the demand for data usage has outgrown the available supply from existing technology such as 4G. LTE and Wi-Fi.

Using light to deliver wireless internet will also allow the connectivity in environments that do not currently support Wi-Fi such as aircraft cabins, hospitals, and hazardous environments.

Li-Fi technique was proposed by German Physicist - Harald Hass in 2011. The full form of Li-Fi is Light Fidelity. The country's Information Technology Ministry (not Information and Broadcasting Ministry) has announced the successful testing of Li-Fi - a wireless communication technology - in a pilot jointly conducted with the Indian Institute of Technology -Madras and lighting company Philips India on 29th January, 2018.

Li-Fi aims to replace Wi-Fi by using lights to transmit internet signals. So, it does not need optical fibre network. Thus, in this question, both (b) and (d) options are not true. According to a report in Economic Times, the ministry tested the technology using LED bulbs and light spectrum to transmit data. Li-Fi can touch as much as 10 GB per second data over 1 km of radius.

Internet is the largest satellite-based communication network of the world. It links and stores information among different countries in the world through satellite and cables.

A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network, such as the internet. It enables a computer or network-enabled device to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if it were directly connected to the private network.

Hence, benefiting from functionality, security and management policies of the private network.

A portal application is a web-accessible, interactive tool on a second website that delivers both related and unrelated applications, services and links.

Portal applications provide data in an easily understandable format, modify or manipulate the data and communicate with companies or individuals about the data. After a user logs in a portal application, it also enables the service provider to track users' website activity.