Computer and Information Technology (Physics) Part-VII

Android 6.0-6.0.1 'Marshmallow' was the 6th major version of the Android operating system. First unveiled in May 2015, it was officially released in October 2015. Android 9.0 'Pie was released on 6 August, 2018 and 'Android 10' was released on 3 September, 2019.

Then 'Android 11' was released on 23 September, 2020 and 'Android 12' was released on 4 October, 2021, while 'Android 13' was released on 15 August, 2022. 'Android 14' is the latest version of the Android operating system which was released on 4 October, 2023.

iPhone 4S is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It had a dual-core Apple A5 processor with 512 MB RAM. The i Phone 4S had a 200 hours standby time, 8 hours talk time on 3G, 14 hours talk time on 2G.

It also introduced a new voice recognizing and talking assistant named Siri. Apple's latest mobiles are iPhone 15, 15 Plus. 15 Pro and 15 Pro Max which were released in September, 2023. They are the seventeenth generation of iPhones.

Using a website to pour out one's grievances is called cyber venting. Cyber venting is the act of denigrating about one's employer, senior executives, etc., with the motive of letting out the anger and frustration using online websites.

While the websites do not restrict the mentioning of the name of the employer, company or its address, it allows for the anonymity of the employee who posts the comments. Cyber venting relaxes and calms people in short-run.

A denial of service (DOS) is any type of attack where the attacker (hackers) attempt to prevent legitimate users from accessing the website. In a DOS attack, the attackers usually send excessive messages asking the network or server to authenticate requests that have invalid return addresses.

As the service becomes unable to handle the deluge of connections and traffic it is receiving, it shuts down or drops legitimate requests coming from real users.

A denial of service (DOS) is any type of attack where the attacker (hackers) attempt to prevent legitimate users from accessing the website. In a DOS attack, the attackers usually send excessive messages asking the network or server to authenticate requests that have invalid return addresses.

As the service becomes unable to handle the deluge of connections and traffic it is receiving, it shuts down or drops legitimate requests coming from real users.

A Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt the normal traffic of a targeted server, service or network by overwhelming the target or its surrounding infrastructure with a flood of Internet traffic.

In a DDoS attack, the incoming traffic flooding the victim originates from many different sources. DDoS cyber attacks are carried out with networks of Internet-connected machines. DDoS attacks are a primary concern in Internet security today.

More sophisticated strategies are required to mitigate this type of attack, as simply attempting to block a single source is insufficient because there are multiple sources.

Hacking is the process of exploiting vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access to a system or resources by an unknown person.

A computer hacker is one who attempts to crack someone else's system or otherwise uses programming or expert knowledge to act maliciously.

While 'hacker' can refer to any skilled computer programmer, the term has become associated in popular culture with a 'security hacker', someone who with their technical knowledge, uses bugs or exploits to break into computer systems.

A cracker is an individual who performs cracking or the process of breaking into a computer or a network system. A cracker might be performing cracking to malicious activities, profit, for certain non-profit intentions or causes, or just for a challenge.

Some crackers break into a network system deliberately to point out the flaws involved in that network's security system. In most cases, crackers aim to gain access to confidential data, get hold of free software applications or carryout malicious damage to files.

A black hat hacker, sometimes called a cracker, is someone who breaks computer security without any authority and uses technology to deliberately damage the system, commits fraud, steals identity and does other illegal activities on other people's networks.