Computer Information Technology Part-5

The part after the final dot in the domain name is called the top-level domain, such as www.cnn.com. In this, ".com" is the top-level domain. Other top-level domains are: .edu, .gov, .org, .net, .info, etc.

Proxy Server does not provide TCP/IP address, therefore statement 1 is incorrect. In computer network, a proxy server is a server that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.

LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution), both are high-speed mobile communication standards. Both of these communication technologies are used presently in India by various telecom operators under 4G mobile communication systems. LTE is commonly marketed as 4G and VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 4G. LTE may or may not support data usage and voice call together and using data and voice at the same time may affect the quality of the voice call in LTE. While VoLTE supports data usage and voice call together, using data and voice at the same time in VoLTE does not affect the quality of the voice call.

Visible Light Communication (VLC) is the use of visible light as a method of wirelessly transmitting data. It is an affordable method of transmitting data at the speed of light. The light (a part of the electromagnetic spectrum) wavelengths used in VLC are between 375-780 nanometers. VLC is a subset of optical wireless communication technologies. The technology uses fluorescent lamps to transmit signals at 10 Kbit/s or LEDs for up to 500 Mbit/s over short distances. Due to the propagation distance of the LEDs, VLC is considered as short-range optical wireless communication. Light's speed is much greater than the radio waves, which makes VLC the fastest means of communication among those commercially available in the market. Bluetooth uses radio waves, and hence VLC can transmit a large amount of data faster than Bluetooth. VLC has immunity to interference from electromagnetic sources and networks, which affect each other in different radio frequencies, while causing no interference to VLC. Thus, from the above explanation, statement 2 is incorrect while the other three statements are correct.

Near Field Communication abbreviated NFC, is a form of contactless communication between devices like smartphones or tablets. Near field communication utilizes electromagnetic radio fields. To ensure security, NFC often establishes a secure channel and uses encryption when sending sensitive information such as credit card numbers. NFC enables devices to share information at a distance that is less than 4 centimetre with a maximum communication speed of 424 kbps.

Short Range Devices (SRD) are radio devices that offer a low risk of interference with other radio services, usually because of their transmitted power, and hence their range, is low. The definition 'Short Range Device' may be applied to many different types of wireless equipment, including various forms of: Access control (including door and gate openers), Alarms and movement detectors, Closed-circuit Television (CCTV), Cordless audio devices (including wireless microphones), Wireless Local Area Networks, Remote control, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Road Transport Telematics, Telemetry, etc.

John McCarthy was one of the most influential people in the field of computer science. He is known as the 'father of Artificial Intelligence (AI)' because of his fantastic work in Computer Science and AI. McCarthy coined the term 'Artificial Intelligence' in the 1950s.

In the context of AI, bias can arise from various sources, including data collection, algorithm design, and human interpretation. Machine learning models, a type of AI system, can learn and replicate patterns of bias present in the data used to train them, resulting in unfair or discriminatory outcomes. It is important to identify and address bias in AI to ensure that these systems are fair and equitable for all users.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has a wide variety of applications in various fields. AI devices can effectively bring down electricity consumption in industrial units through energy monitoring and management. Thus, statement 1 is correct. As per the NITI Aayog discussion paper on 'National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence #AIFORALL' (released in June 2018), AI can be effectively used in disease diagnosis and Text-to-Speech (or Speech-to-Text) conversations. So, statements 3 and 4 are also correct. Statements 2 and 5 are incorrect with reference to Artificial Intelligence in the present state of development. Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.