Constitution Amendment (Indian Polity and Governance) Part-II

Cooperatives are autonomous associations of people united voluntarily to meet common economic, social, and cultural needs through a
jointly-owned and democratically controlled enterprise.
In India, cooperatives play a vital role in fostering inclusive economic development, particularly in rural areas.
Types of Cooperatives
Agricultural Cooperatives: Provide credit, inputs, and marketing support to farmers. Examples include Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) and Marketing Cooperatives.
Credit Cooperatives: Facilitate affordable loans to members, often in rural and semi-urban areas. Examples are Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) and Cooperative Credit Societies.
Consumer Cooperatives: Operate stores to supply essential goods at reasonable prices.
Housing Cooperatives: Help members acquire affordable housing.
Worker Cooperatives: Owned and managed by workers, they provide employment and equitable income distribution. Example.
Dairy Cooperatives: Promote milk production and marketing. The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) is a prominent

• Constitution (100th Amendment) Act 2015 ratified the land boundary agreement between India and Bangladesh.
• The act amended the 1st schedule of the constitution to exchange the disputed territories occupied by both the nations in accordance with the 1974 bilateral LBA.
• India received 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (covering 7,110 acres) in the Indian mainland, while Bangladesh received 111 Indian enclaves (covering 17,160 acres) in the Bangladeshi mainland.
• The Land Boundary Agreement entered into force on 6 June 2015. Implementation of the Land Boundary Agreement deals with three outstanding border issues, relating to:
  (i) Adverse possessions;
  (ii) Enclaves; and
  (iii) An undemarcated land boundary of approximately 6.1 km.

• The Goods and Services Tax is a form of Indirect Tax levied on most of the goods and services sold in India for domestic consumption.
• It is based on the principle of Value Added Tax (VAT) and is applicable throughout India.
• It is paid by consumers, but it is remitted to the government by the businesses selling the goods and services.
• It has subsumed and replaced various indirect taxes that were previously levied by the central and state governments.

The Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) addressed the balance between individual rights and Parliament's constitutional amendment powers, originating from land reform laws in Kerala affecting religious institutions like the Edneer Mutt. Kesavananda Bharati challenged these amendments, arguing they violated his rights.
The Supreme Court, in a 7:6 verdict, upheld Parliament's power to amend the constitution but introduced the "basic structure doctrine," stating core principles like judicial review, federalism, and fundamental rights cannot be altered. This doctrine has since limited legislative overreach, protecting the Constitution's integrity while allowing socio-economic reforms within these boundaries.

The Golaknath case (1967) centred on the Golaknath family, who challenged the Punjab Security and Land Tenures Act, which imposed limits on land ownership to facilitate redistribution. They contended that the Act violated their Fundamental Rights to property, asserting that such rights should be immune from legislative alteration and subject to judicial review under Article 13.
The Supreme Court ruled that Parliament lacks the authority to amend Fundamental Rights, introducing the doctrine of prospective overruling, reinforcing the inviolability of these rights, and establishing a foundation for the Basic Structure Doctrine in future jurisprudence.