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Constitutional Development of India (Part-I)

📆 October 25, 2024

Total Questions: 42

1. Which of the following act empowered Indian legislative assembly to make discussions on a budget? [U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2002]

Correct Answer: (b) Indian Council Act, 1892
Solution:The Indian Councils Act, 1892 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The main provisions of this act were as under:
(i) The Indian Councils Act, 1892 gave the members the right to ask questions on Budget or matters of public interest. But none of them was given the right to ask supplementary questions.
(ii) The Additional members of the Council could ask questions of public interest under this Act, after pre-information of six days.

2. By which of the following Acts, the British for the first time introduced the system of indirect elections in India? [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]

Correct Answer: (d) 1892
Solution:The principle of representation and indirect way of the election was first incorporated in the Indian Council Act of 1892. The Indian Councils Act of 1892 was a significant legislative reform enacted by the British Parliament to change India's governance structure during colonial rule. It broadened legislative councils' powers and functions, indicating an initial shift towards limited representative governance. This Act was part of the British's broader strategy to address growing demands from Indian leaders for greater participation in governance.
While it gave Indians only limited political power, the Act is regarded as a forerunner to more inclusive reforms, paving the way for future legislative changes and, eventually, a push for self-government in India.

3. To control the media in India, 'Acts' were passed in — [56th to 59th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2015]

Correct Answer: (a) 1835, 1867, 1878, 1908
Solution:In 1835, the Press Act was announced for the censorship of media. The Press and Registration of Books act was passed in 1867. The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878 by Lord Lytton to control the printing and circulation of seditious material, specifically that which could produce disaffection against the British Government in India in the minds of the masses. In addition to this, in 1908, Lord Minto passed an act to regulate the press. In this Act, the Government was authorized to seize any publication if found anti-Government.

4. When were High Courts established in Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta? [U.P.U.D.A/L.D.A. (Spl) (Pre) 2010, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2013]

Correct Answer: (a) 1861
Solution:Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta High Courts were established in 1862 under the Indian High Court Act, 1861. On this basis, the nearest answer is option (a). The Act abolished the Supreme Courts at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay; the Sadar Diwani Adalat and the Sadar Faujdari Adalat at Calcutta; Sadar Diwani Adalat and Sadar Faujdari Adalat at Madras; Sadar Diwani Adalat and Faujdari Adalat at Bombay.

5. The most short-lived of all of Britain’s constitutional experiments in India was: [I.A.S. (Pre) 1999]

Correct Answer: (c) Indian Council Act of 1909
Solution:The most short-lived of all of Britain's constitutional experiments in India was Indian Councils Act of 1909. In words of Ramsay MacDonald "this reform was an incomplete and short-termed agreement between democracy and bureaucracy."

6. Which of the following Act provided for communal representation in British India? [M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019]

Correct Answer: (b) Minto-Morley Reforms, 1909
Solution:Minto-Morley/ Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909 provided for communal representation in British India. Indian Council Act, 1909 is also known as Morley-Minto Reform. Lord Minto is known as the Father of Communal Electorate in India. The Morley Minto Reforms (The Indian Councils Act 1909) were crucial in the evolution of British
India's governance, marking the first significant step towards Indian representation in legislative councils. The Morley Minto Reforms were significant for the following reasons:
Increased Representation: The reforms marked the first significant step towards involving Indians in the legislative process, laying the groundwork for future demands for self-governance. It was the first time that an Indian was associated with the executive council.
  • Foundation for a Parliamentary System: The introduction of the electoral principle, although modest, laid the groundwork for a future parliamentary system in India.
  • Rise of Nationalism: The Minto Morley reforms of 1909 sparked a new wave of Indian nationalism as Indians became more politically conscious. This was especially true for Muslims, who were granted separate electorates as part of the reforms and became more politically active as a result.
  • A platform for Grievance Redressal: The inclusion of elected Indian members in legislative councils provided a new avenue for Indians to express their grievances and concerns, allowing Indian representatives to critique the executive decisions and suggest improvements.
  • Foundation for Future Reforms: The Indian Councils Act 1909 set the stage for future constitutional reforms, including the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 and the Government of India Act 1935. It represented the beginning of a gradual shift towards more inclusive governance, even though the reforms themselves were limited.

7. Which of the following Acts introduced separate electorate system in India? [66th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2020]

Correct Answer: (d) The Indian Councils Act, 1909
Solution:Indian Council Act, 1909 introduced separate electorate for Muslims in the country. The act also called Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909, introduced communal representation in the country.

8. The declaration of reforms on August 20, 1917 is known as: [Chhattisgarh P.C.S. (Pre) 2011]

Correct Answer: (a) Montagu Declaration
Solution:On 20-August, 1917 the reform made by Edwin Montagu (Secretary of State for India) and Lord Chelmsford is known as "Montagu Declaration." It was a landmark policy statement by the British government. It came against a backdrop of increasing dissatisfaction with British governance in India, as the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 had failed to meet the expectations of even moderate Indian leaders. This declaration laid out a framework that eventually became the foundation for constitutional reforms, marking a gradual shift in British policy towards Indian self-governance.

9. Who is known as father of Dyarchy? [B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2016]

Correct Answer: (d) Sir Leonil Curtis
Solution:Sir Lionel Curtis is known as the father of Dyarchy. Dyarchy was a system of double government introduced by the Government of India Act (1919) for the provinces of British India.

10. The Montagu-Chelmsford Report formed the basis of — [Jharkhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2011 53rd to 55th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2011]

Correct Answer: (b) the Government of India Act, 1919
Solution:The basis of Indian Council Act, 1919 was the report of Secretary of State for India Edwin Montagu and Viceroy Lord Chelmsford. It was a landmark policy statement by the British government. It came against a backdrop of increasing dissatisfaction with British governance in India, as the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 had failed to meet the expectations of even moderate Indian leaders. This declaration laid out a framework that eventually became the foundation for constitutional reforms, marking a gradual shift in British policy towards Indian self-governance.
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