Diseases and Treatment: VI. Deficiency, Non-Contagious and Other Diseases Part-I

Total Questions: 100

41. ‘Metastasis’ is the process by which: [I.A.S. (Pre) 2001]

(a) Cells divide rapidly under the influence of drugs
(b) Cancer cells spread through the blood or lymphatic system to other sites or organs
(c) The chromosomes in cell nuclei are attached to the spindle before moving to the anaphase poles
(d) Cancer cells are successfully inhibited from dividing further

Correct Answer: (b) Cancer cells spread through the blood or lymphatic system to other sites or organs

Solution:Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body. It usually involves the following steps:

Local invasion: Cancer cells invade nearby normal tissue.
Intravasation: Cancer cells invade and move through the walls of nearby lymph or blood vessels.
Circulation: Cancer cells move through the lymphatic system and bloodstream to other parts of the body.
Arrest and extravasation: Cancer cells stop moving in small blood vessels called capillaries at a distant location, then invade the walls of the capillaries and migrate into surrounding tissue.
Proliferation: Cancer cells multiply at the distant location, forming small tumors called micrometastases.
Angiogenesis: Micrometastases stimulate the growth of new blood vessels to obtain a blood supply necessary for tumor growth.

42. Which of the following can cause cancer as well as cure it depending upon its intensity and use? [56th to 59th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2018]

(a) Tobacco
(b) Alcohol
(c) Ionized radiation
(d) Ultraviolet rays

Correct Answer: (c) Ionized radiation

Solution:Ionized radiation can cause cancer or cure it depending on its intensity and use. Photon and particle radiation are types of ionized radiation used effectively in cancer treatment.

43. Which one of the following human organs is less susceptible to harmful radiations? [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1999, 2011]

(a) Eyes
(b) Heart
(c) Brain
(d) Lungs

Correct Answer: (c) Brain

Solution:Radiation affects the eyes the most and the brain the least.

44. Which among the following is the most recent therapy for all types of cancers? [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]

(a) 3D Conformal Radiotherapy (3D CRT)
(b) Immunotherapy
(c) Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT)
(d) Molecularly targeted therapy

Correct Answer: (c) Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT)

Solution:Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) is a recent and important advancement in oncology. It enables precise targeting of radiation to the tumor, used for nearly every type of solid tumor.

45. Interferon is used for the control of: [U.P.P.S.C. (GIC) 2010]

(a) Cancer
(b) Diabetes
(c) T.B.
(d) Typhoid

Correct Answer: (a) Cancer

Solution:Interferons (IFNs) are signaling proteins released by host cells in response to pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells. IFN alpha 2 is used to treat blood cancer and kidney diseases.

46. ‘Cerebral palsy’ is a brain disorder found generally in: [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]

(a) Old people
(b) Drug addicts
(c) Small children
(d) Only ladies

Correct Answer: (c) Small children

Solution:Cerebral palsy refers to neurological disorders appearing in infancy or early childhood that permanently affect body movement and muscle coordination. It is caused by brain damage affecting muscle control.

47. Which organ of the human body is affected by Alzheimer’s disease? [R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre) 2003, Chhattisgarh P.C.S. (Pre) 2005]

(a) The ear
(b) The brain
(c) The eye
(d) The stomach

Correct Answer: (b) The brain

Solution:Alzheimer’s disease leads to nerve cell death and tissue loss in the brain, causing brain shrinkage and affecting nearly all functions over time.

48. Recently scientists discovered a protein responsible for hazardous neural disease Alzheimer’s. Which of the following is that protein? [U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2013]

(a) Amyloid monoprotein
(b) Amyloid multiprotein
(c) Amyloid precursor protein
(d) Amyloid leptic protein

Correct Answer: (c) Amyloid precursor protein

Solution:The protein responsible for Alzheimer’s is β-amyloid precursor protein.

49. The Nobel Prize for developing the treatment of Parkinson’s disease was given to: [66th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2020]

(a) Arvid Carlsson
(b) John F. Enders
(c) Robert B. Laughlin
(d) Walter Kohn
(e) None of the above / More than one of the above

Correct Answer: (a) Arvid Carlsson

Solution:Arvid Carlsson (1923-2018) was a Swedish neuropharmacologist awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000 for his work on the neurotransmitter dopamine and Parkinson’s disease treatment, shared with Eric Kandel and Paul Greengard.

50. Scratching eases itching because - [I.A.S. (Pre) 1993]

(a) It removes the outer dust in the skin
(b) It kills the germs
(c) It stimulates certain nerves which direct the brain to increase the production of antihistaminic chemicals
(d) It suppresses the production of enzymes which cause itching

Correct Answer: (c) It stimulates certain nerves which direct the brain to increase the production of antihistaminic chemicals

Solution:Scratching eases itching because it stimulates certain nerves that direct the brain to increase the production of antihistaminic chemicals. Antihistamines block histamine at the H1 receptor sites, responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions like sneezing and itching.

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