Economic Geography

• Monoculture farming is a type of agriculture in which only one type of crop is grown at a time on a specific field. A polyculture system, on the other hand, assumes that a field is sown with two or more crops at the same time. It should be noted that the concept of monoculture does not only apply to crops, but also to farm animals: it entails breeding only one species of animal on a given farm, whether it is dairy cows, sheep, pigs, chickens, or anything else.
• It is important to note when discussing monoculture crops that even if a different culture is planted on a given field plot each year, the concept of growing a single crop on one field at a time is still referred to as "monoculture." Monoculture has been applied to both industrial and organic farming, enhancing planting and harvesting efficiency and bringing down costs for farmers.
• One example is cultivating only beans or maize for the duration of the planting season. However, it also raises the possibility of contracting infections and pests. In terms of modern agriculture, monoculture promotes crop specialization because it includes producing just one crop on most or all of the available land.

Shifting cultivation is a farming method where small forest areas are cleared and burned to make land for planting crops. Farmers use this land for a few years until the soil loses its nutrients. Then, they leave the plot and move to a new area, letting the old land recover naturally over time.

Shifting cultivation is a farming method that involves several steps:

Farmers cut down plants and burn them to enrich the soil with nutrients.

They then plant crops like cereals, vegetables, and tubers in the fertile soil.

Once the crops are ready, they are harvested.

After a few years, when the soil becomes less fertile, the land is left unused to recover. During this time, plants grow back, and the soil regains its nutrients.

Farmers repeat this cycle by moving to new areas while allowing old plots to recover.

Jhumming - South East Asia

Milpa Mexico and Central America

Ladang - Indonesia

Hence statement 1 and 2 are correct. Primitive subsistence agricultural practices are also called slash and Burn farming method, which are prevalent in many tribes of the world including India.

Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Azospirillum and Blue-green algae are being used as biofertilizers for a long time. Blue-green algae belonging to a general cyanobacteria genus, Nostoc or Anabaena or Tolypothrix or Aulosira, fix atmospheric nitrogen and are used as inoculations for paddy crop grown in both upland and low-land conditions.

• Nitrogen Source: Azolla-Anabaena can supply a significant portion of the nitrogen needed by rice plants, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers.
• Improved Soil Health: Azolla decomposes rapidly in the soil, releasing nutrients and improving soil structure.
• Weed Suppression: A thick Azolla mat on the water surface can help suppress weed growth in rice paddies.
• Environmental Benefits: Using Azolla as a biofertilizer is a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach compared to using synthetic fertilizers