English (Part – B) (NDA SOLVED PAPER 2020 – II) (101 to 150)

Damin-i Koh in Rajmahal area was large area of land demarcated and declared to be the land of the Santhals. It was declared in 1832 to persuade Santhals to do settled agriculture in previously forested area.
This region was enclosed by boundary pillars and was separated from the world of settled agriculturists of plains and Pahariyas of the hills.

The Rebel proclamations in 1857 repeatedly appealed to all sections of the population irrespective of their caste and creed. During the course of revolt, many proclamations and notifications were issued by the rebels.
Many of this proclamations were issued by Muslim princes or in their names but they took care of Sentiments of every communities of the area. Famous proclamations were Delhi proclamation and Azamgarh proclamations.
This revolt was poorly organised and planned by the Rajas, Nawabs and Taluqdars which was greatest weakness of Revolt of 1857.
Rumours and prophecies played huge role in inciting the sentiments of masses against the Britishers. Britishers found very difficult to supress the revolt due to huge participation of masses alongside rebels in Awadh area.

Nuclear deterrence was not a Panch Sheel principle. It is a theory which provides that a nuclear power nation however weak, it can successfully protect itself against much powerful nation state.
Panch Sheel principles were agreed between India and China under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru and Zhou Enlai respectively in 1954 to establish close relations between the two countries. They are
• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
• Equality and mutual benefit
• Peaceful co-existence

VD Savarkar organised in 1904, a secret society of revolutionaries named Abhinav Bharat. Based in Pune, it prepared youths for revolutionary activities and promoted the cause of national independence.
Khudiram Bose was revolutionary freedom fighter who attempted to assassinate a British Judge, Douglas Kingsford in Muzaffarpur.
Shyamji Krishna Verma was revolutionary freedom fighter who organised India House in London. He also published a monthly magazine Indian sociologist.
Har Dayal was revolutionary freedom fighter who founded Gadar Party in 1913.

The principle that the framing of new Constitution for Independent India should be primarily (though not solely) the responsibility of Indians themselves was for the first time conceded in the August offer of Viceroy Linlithgow.
Made on 8th August, 1940, it also offered the expansion of Viceroy’s executive council besides establishment of an advisory war council. However, Congress Party rejected the offer as it provided dominion status.
Government of India Act, 1935 provided for establishment of All India federation, division of subjects into three lists and provincial autonomy.
Cripps proposals were made in March, 1942 it promised dominion status, Constituent Assembly besides control of defence under the British.
Cabinet Mission, 1946 proposed a very loose confederation with centre controlling merely defence, foreign affairs and communication.

Acid precipitation or rain is a major environmental issue in eastern Canada. Acid rain occurs when gaseous emissions of combustion of coal and other fossil fuels like Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide transform into their Secondary pollutants by combining with atmospheric moisture (H₂O). These secondary pollutants such as sulphuric acid and nitric acid fall on land with precipitation.
The Eastern region of Canada and it’s neighbour USA is highly industrialised zone. This alongwith other causes such as Vehicular emissions are the main reason for Acid rain in Eastern Canada.
Groundwater depletion is the depletion of ground water level caused by sustained ground water pumping.
• Land degradation is the decline in the productive capacity of land for some time or permanently.
• Desertification is the persistent degradation of dryland ecosystems by climate variation and human activities.

Caucasus mountain lies in between Caspian sea and Black sea. This mountain ranges adjoins Vast Eurasian landmass stretching from Russia to Turkey. Mount Elburz the highest peak in Europe lies in this mountain range. Carpathians is a mountain system extending South-eastwards from Southern Poland and Slovakia into Romania.
Apennine is a mountain range extending in North-South direction in Italian Peninsula. Mount Elburz is the highest peak of Europe. It is a type of dormant volcano which lies in territory of Russia.

Bagalihar, Dulhasti and Salal hydro power projects have been developed on Chenab.
Bagalihar hydro power project with installed capacity of 900 MW is situated in the Ramban district of UT of Jammu and Kashmir.
Dulhasti is a 390 MW hydroelectric power plant in Kishtwar district of UT of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a run off river type hydro project build on Chandra river a tributary of Chenab.
Salal hydroelectric power station is a run off the river project on Chenab rivers in the Reasi district of UT of Jammu and Kashmir.

The concept of Biosphere Reserve was initiated by UNESCO in 1971, when it launched Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB). It aims to establish a Scientific basis for the improvement of relationship between people and their environments.
In India, there is 18 Biosphere reserves recognised by the government to protect man and environment. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, was the first to be included in this list.
In India, 11 out of 18 Biosphere Reserves have been included in world network of Biosphere Reserves of UNESCO.

Armenia does not have direct access to the sea/ocean. It is landlocked country in the western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the West, Georgia to the North, Artsakh and Azerbaijan to the East and Iran to the South. Yerevan is the capital of Armenia.
Syria is a country in Western Asia with its capital at Damascus. It is bordered by the Mediterranean sea to the West. Jordan is a country in Western Asia with its capital at Amman.
It has 26 km coastline on the Red sea in its extreme South-West.
Azerbaijan is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. It is bounded by the caspian sea to the East.