Environment and Sustainable Development

The National Green Tribunal was established on 18 October, 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forest to provide the right to a healthy environment, construed as a part of Right to Life under Article 21. It draws inspiration from the constitution of India (Article 21) which assures the citizens of India the right to a healthy environment. Notably on 18th October 2010, Justice Lokeshwar Singh Panta became its first chairman. Present chairman of NGT is justice Prakash Shrivastava.

National Green Tribunal has been established on 18 October, 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010, for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to the environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal rights relating to environment. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), a statutory organization was constituted in September 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974. Principal functions of the CPCB are (i) to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States by prevention, control and abatement of water pollution, and (ii) to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct.

National Green Tribunal has been established on 18 October, 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010, for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to the environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal rights relating to environment. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), a statutory organization was constituted in September 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974. Principal functions of the CPCB are (i) to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States by prevention, control and abatement of water pollution, and (ii) to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct.

National vegetation is the true index of climate and an increase in the quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere also affects the natural vegetation. Water-loving or Aquatic plants are those which are found mostly in muddy land and near the ponds. They are found in the moist climate. Reduction of moisture in the atmosphere results in the erosion of such plants. Hence both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Eco-mark is a certification mark issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (The National Standards Organization of India) to products conforming to a set of standards aimed at ensuring the least impact on the ecosystem. The marking scheme was started in 1991.

To increase consumer awareness, the Government of India launched the eco-labelling scheme known as 'Ecomark' in 1991 for identification of environment-friendly products. Any product which is made, used or disposed of in a that significantly reduces the harm it would otherwise cause the environment could considered Environment-Friendly Product.

Eco Mark scheme was instituted by the Government of India for labeling of environment friendly products. Notably this scheme is being administered by the Bureau of Indian Standards. It is important to mention here that the scheme covers products categories like Soaps and detergents, Food items, Lubricating oils, Packing/packaging materials, Architectural paints and powder coatings, Batteries, Electric and Electronic Goods, Food additives, Wood substitutes, Cosmetics, Aerosols and propellants, Plastic products, Textiles, Fire-extinguisher Leather and coir & coir products.

'Silent spring' is an environment science book published in 1962. It was written by an American biologist and ecologist 'Rachel Carson'.

Over-urbanization and industrialization are harmful for all these three balanced development, production of environment and ecology and biodiversity.

William M. Adams is the author of the book green Development. Its first edition was published in 1990.

Masanobu Fukuoka was a Japanese farmer and philosopher, famous for his natural farming and re-vegetation of desertified lands.

The Green Army is a six-month programme for 17-24-year- old youths in Australia to train and work for the environment. Green Army projects include restoring native vegetation, heritage restoration, protecting animal habitats and regenerating wetlands in urban, rural and remote areas. The Green Army Programme closed on 30 June 2018.

During the mid 80's decade of twentieth century, Degradation of natural resources, Environment pollution and Displacement and Rehabilitation of Masses were the negative aspects of development, discussed at large, but Politics and Development was not such important.

Plachimada is a small village in Palakkad district of Kerala. It is situated in Chittur block's Perumatty Panchayat of the district. In 2000, this Panchayat gave license to the Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Private Limited (HCCBPL) to manufacture Coca-Cola (Coke) and other products viz. Fanta, Limca, Thums Up, Sprite, Kinley, etc. But very soon due to the contamination of groundwater in that locality by the chemical waste discharged by the company, local people started a small-scale protest against the company. Later, this protest was supported by the Panchayat authorities. In the long run, with national as well as international support to this protest against a multinational company (MNC), this movement became an icon of other such movements worldwide

Greenwashing is the practice of making an unsubstantiated or misleading claim about the environmental benefit of a product, service technology or company practice. Greenwashing can make a company appear to be more environment friendly than it really is.

Greenwashing is the process of conveying a false impression or misleading information about how a company's products are environmentally sound. Greenwashing involves making an unsubstantiated claim to deceive consumers into believing that a company's products are environmentally friendly or have a greater positive environmental impact than they actually do.

Punjab has recently launched greenhouse farming.

National Geographic conducted its inaugural Greendex survey in January 2008. That first Greendex survey of 14 countries around the world ranked average consumers in those countries according to the environmental sustainability of their behaviour. Thus, option (b) will be the right answer. In 2009, India was at first place and in 2014 too India retained its position.

World Environment Day is celebrated on 5 June every year. China was the global host of 2019 World Environment Day with "Air Pollution" as the theme of that year's edition. In 2023, theme of World Environment Day was "Solutions to plastic Pollution.

World Environment Day is celebrated on 5 June every year. China was the global host of 2019 World Environment Day with "Air Pollution" as the theme of that year's edition. In 2023, theme of World Environment Day was "Solutions to plastic Pollution.

In April of 1968, 30 people including scientists, educators, economists, humanists, industrialists and government officials met at the Academia dei Lincei in Rome. "The Club of Rome" was born from this meeting as an informal organization. The concept of 'Limits to Growth' was propounded by the Club of Rome.

Statement (1) is incorrect because the concept of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) was originally developed by FAO in 2010 through the paper "Climate Smart Agriculture: Policies, Practices and Financing for food security, Adaptation and Mitigation." In 2014 an alliance was set up with this issue as its focal point: the GASCA (Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture). 014
Statement (2) is correct because membership in the Alliance does not create any binding obligations. 012
Statement (3) is incorrect because India is just a signatory.

Conservation Agriculture (CA) can be defined by a statement given by the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations as "a concept for resource - saving agricultural crop production that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production level while concurrently conserving the environment." Minimum tillage and soil disturbance. Permanent soil cover with crop residues and live mulches. Crop rotation and inter-cropping are the principles of Conservation Agriculture.