Estimation and Costing (General Engineering) (SSC JE)

Sinking fund–The fund which is gradually accumulated by way of periodic on annual deposit for the replacement of the building or structure at the end of its useful life is termed as sinking fund. The calculation of the sinking fund depends on the life of the building and the scrap value of the building for the cost of old materials.
The among of annual installment of the sinking fund for formulawhere,
S = Total amount of sinking fund to be accumulated
n = Number of years required to accumulated the sinking fund
i = Rate of interest in decimal
I = Annual installment required
Market value–The value of property when it is kept for open auction is known as market value. It depends upon its locality, remaining design life, material quality and structural use.

Scrap value–After completion of design life, the value of property after dismantled represents its scrap value. This value can be +ve, 0 or –ve. For RCC members, scrap value is always –ve.

Salvage value–After completion of designed life the value of property without being dismantled is known as salvage value.

Sinking fund
A fund containing money set aside or saved to pay off a debt or bond or loan. Investing comes with its own set of risks and one of the biggest is the risk of default 10 mitigate this risk many bond issues establish a sinking fund.

Disadvantages of traditional coal mining from underground tunnels–
1. Economy - traditional coal mining is very expensive due to lack of modern techniques and machinaries.
2. Traditional methods are not capable to mine all the available coal from mines.
3. Sefty - traditional methods involve dangerous working condition.

IS : 1200 (Part V)-1982, clause 6, Formwork shall be measured in square meters as the actual surfaces in contact with the concrete or any other material requiring formwork.

Carpet area-
Carpet area is the area that can be covered by a carpet this area does not include the thickness of Columns and inner walls. The common areas are also not included. Common areas are the lifts, staircase, lobby play area etc.
• Carpet area = floor area - circulation area
• Floor area = plinth area - wall area
• Circulation area
(a) Vertical circulation area = stairs, lift
vertical circulation area is = 2-3% of plinth area

(b) Horizontal circulation area = Passage, Balkani, Veranda
H.C.A = 7% of Plinth Area

Prismoidal formula–It is used for calculating the volume.

According to IS 1200, reinforcing bars used in reinforced cement concrete shall be measured in metres.

As per IS 1200, A floor finish is a liquid which is applied to a resilient tile floor and dires to a hard, durable and smooth film.
• Floor finished measured in square meter.

According to IS : 1200 (Part IX)– 1973.
• The metal sheet roofing shall be described stating the thickness. The side and end laps shall be stated.
• If the side and end laps are bolted or riveted, it shall be so stated specifying the spacing of the bolts or rivets.
• Nainital pattern sheet-roofing shall be fully described and measured separately and shall include all rolls, clips, etc. Measurements shall be taken on the flat and not girthed.
• Ridges, hips and valleys shall be measured along the central line in running meters stating the girth and flashings in square meters. The laps, passing and method of fixing shall be described.

Area include the plinth area of building–
• Area of walls at floor level.
• Porches of non cantilever type.
• Area of Barsati at terrace level.
• Internal shafts of sanitary installations not exceeding 2.0m² , lifts, air conditioning ducts etc.