EXCRETORY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.

The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.

The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.

Bronchi are the main airways in the lungs. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, Urinary bladder and urethra.

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that serve several excretory roles apart from the essential regulatory roles in mammals. They remove from the blood the nitrogenous wastes such as urea, as well as salts and excess water, and excrete them in the form of urine. In producing urine, the kidneys excrete nitrogenous wastes such as urea and ammonium.

Urobilin or urochrome is the chemical primarily responsible for the yellow colour of urine. It is a linear tetrapyrrole compound that, along with the related colourless compound urobilinogen, are degradation products of the cyclic tetrapyrroheme.

The Umbilical cord contains three blood vessels: two arteries and one vein. The vein carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta (which connects to the mother’s blood supply) to the baby. The two arteries transport waste from the baby to the placenta (where waste is transferred to the mother’s blood and disposed of by her kidneys).

Menopause is the stage in women when menstrual cycle stops and fertility is impaired. Menopause is the time that marks the end of your menstrual cycles. It’s diagnosed after you’ve gone 12 months without a menstrual period. Menopause can happen in your 40s or 50s.

Ovaries are the female reproductive organ. The primary follicle in the ovaries matures to form the Graffian follicle, which further develops into the secondary follicle. Every month one ovum is released by the secondary follicle. This process is called ovulation. The ovum is fertilized by the sperm to form the zygote.

Female gametes are called ova or egg cells, and male gametes are called sperm. Gametes are haploid cells, and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosome. These reproductive cells are produced through a type of cell division called meiosis.