Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties

Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds (Article 15)

This provision prohibits discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It ensures that no citizen shall be subjected to any disability, liability, or restriction only on these grounds.

Articles 12 to 35 in Part III of Indian Constitution provide for six Fundamental Rights of India. Six fundamental rights are mentioned below:

• Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)
• Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)
• Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24)
• Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28)
• Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

Articles 12 to 35 in Part III of Indian Constitution provide for six Fundamental Rights of India. Six fundamental rights are mentioned below:

• Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)
• Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)
• Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24)
• Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28)
• Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

Originally, the Constitution provided for seven Fundamental Rights, including the six rights mentioned above and the Right to Property. However, the 44th Amendment Act, of 1978 removed the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights. It was, instead, made a legal right under Article 300-A in Part XII of the Constitution. So at present, there are only six Fundamental Rights.

• The President of India can suspend the Fundamental Rights on the declaration of Emergency.
• Under Article 359, the President can suspend the Fundamental Rights during the time of Emergency(Internal and External Emergency).
• The suspension of Fundamental Rights is carried out during the term of Emergency or a shorter period.
• The Fundamental Rights are mentioned in Part III (Articles 12 to 35 ) of the Indian Constitution.
• During the time of an emergency, Fundamental Rights mentioned in Article 19 are automatically suspended.
• However, the Fundamental rights mentioned in the Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended during the time of an Emergency.
• Article 358 refers to the suspension of Fundamental Rights under Article 19 during the time of External Emergency.
• The Emergency provisions are mentioned in articles 352- 360 ( Part-18) of the Indian Constitution. They are of three types: Internal Emergency, External Emergency, and Financial Emergency.

Articles 12 to 35 in Part III of Indian Constitution provide for six Fundamental Rights of India. Six fundamental rights are mentioned below:

• Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)
• Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)
• Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24)
• Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28)
• Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

• Article 21: "Protection of Life and Personal Liberty.
• Article 17: Abolition of untouchability.
• Article 21A: Right to education.