Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties

Right to Freedom (Article 19 to Article 22)

These provisions of the Indian Constitution safeguard various individual liberties and freedoms. This right includes the following:

Protection of Six Rights (Article 19)

This article guarantees to all citizens the following six rights:

Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(1)(a))

This provision grants citizens the freedom to express their views, opinions, beliefs, and convictions freely through speech, writing, printing, or any other mode. However, reasonable restrictions can be imposed by the state on grounds such as public order, defamation, incitement to offense, etc.

Freedom of Assembly (Article 19(1)(b))

Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully without arms. It includes the right to hold public meetings, demonstrations, and take-out processions, but does not include the right to strike.

Freedom of Association (Article 19(1)(c))

Individuals have the right to form associations, unions, or cooperative societies, enabling them to collectively pursue common interests or goals. However, reasonable restrictions can be imposed in the interest of public order, morality, or the sovereignty and integrity of India.

Freedom of Movement (Article 19(1)(d))

Every citizen has the right to move freely throughout the territory of India. Reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right on the grounds of the interests of the general public and the protection of the interests of any scheduled tribe.

Freedom of Residence (Article 19(1)(e))

Citizens have the freedom to reside and settle in any part of India, allowing for geographical mobility and the exercise of individual choice in determining one’s place of residence.

Freedom of Profession (Article 19(1)(g))

Individuals have the right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade, or business of their choice, subject to certain restrictions imposed in the interest of the general public.

Right to Freedom (Article 19 to Article 22)

These provisions of the Indian Constitution safeguard various individual liberties and freedoms. This right includes the following:

Protection of Six Rights (Article 19)

This article guarantees to all citizens the following six rights:

Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(1)(a))

This provision grants citizens the freedom to express their views, opinions, beliefs, and convictions freely through speech, writing, printing, or any other mode. However, reasonable restrictions can be imposed by the state on grounds such as public order, defamation, incitement to offense, etc.

Freedom of Assembly (Article 19(1)(b))

Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully without arms. It includes the right to hold public meetings, demonstrations, and take-out processions, but does not include the right to strike.

Freedom of Association (Article 19(1)(c))

Individuals have the right to form associations, unions, or cooperative societies, enabling them to collectively pursue common interests or goals. However, reasonable restrictions can be imposed in the interest of public order, morality, or the sovereignty and integrity of India.

Freedom of Movement (Article 19(1)(d))

Every citizen has the right to move freely throughout the territory of India. Reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right on the grounds of the interests of the general public and the protection of the interests of any scheduled tribe.

Freedom of Residence (Article 19(1)(e))

Citizens have the freedom to reside and settle in any part of India, allowing for geographical mobility and the exercise of individual choice in determining one’s place of residence.

Freedom of Profession (Article 19(1)(g))

Individuals have the right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade, or business of their choice, subject to certain restrictions imposed in the interest of the general public.

Right to Freedom (Article 19 to Article 22)

These provisions of the Indian Constitution safeguard various individual liberties and freedoms. This right includes the following:

Protection of Six Rights (Article 19)

This article guarantees to all citizens the following six rights:

Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(1)(a))

This provision grants citizens the freedom to express their views, opinions, beliefs, and convictions freely through speech, writing, printing, or any other mode. However, reasonable restrictions can be imposed by the state on grounds such as public order, defamation, incitement to offense, etc.

Freedom of Assembly (Article 19(1)(b))

Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully without arms. It includes the right to hold public meetings, demonstrations, and take-out processions, but does not include the right to strike.

Freedom of Association (Article 19(1)(c))

Individuals have the right to form associations, unions, or cooperative societies, enabling them to collectively pursue common interests or goals. However, reasonable restrictions can be imposed in the interest of public order, morality, or the sovereignty and integrity of India.

Freedom of Movement (Article 19(1)(d))

Every citizen has the right to move freely throughout the territory of India. Reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right on the grounds of the interests of the general public and the protection of the interests of any scheduled tribe.

Freedom of Residence (Article 19(1)(e))

Citizens have the freedom to reside and settle in any part of India, allowing for geographical mobility and the exercise of individual choice in determining one’s place of residence.

Freedom of Profession (Article 19(1)(g))

Individuals have the right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade, or business of their choice, subject to certain restrictions imposed in the interest of the general public.

Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offenses (Article 20)

It grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person, whether a citizen, a foreigner, or a legal person. It contains three provisions in this regard:

Protection against Retrospective Criminal Legislations (Article 20(1))

Any individual can be convicted only for violation of a law in force at the time of commission of the act. Also, the person cannot be subjected to a penalty greater than that prescribed by the law in force at the time of the commission of the act.

Protection against Double Jeopardy (Article 20(2))

A person cannot be tried and punished again for an offense for which they have already been either acquitted or convicted.

Protection against Self-Incrimination (Article 20(3))

No person accused of an offense shall be compelled to be a witness against oneself.

Protection of Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21)

This provision guarantees that no person shall be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law. This right is available to both citizens and non-citizens and serves as a cornerstone of individual rights.

Protection of Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21)

This provision guarantees that no person shall be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law. This right is available to both citizens and non-citizens and serves as a cornerstone of individual rights.

According to Article 21:

“Protection of Life and Personal Liberty: No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.”

• This fundamental right is available to every person, citizens and foreigners alike.
• Article 21 provides two rights:
  • Right to life
  • Right to personal liberty

Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offenses (Article 20)

It grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person, whether a citizen, a foreigner, or a legal person. It contains three provisions in this regard:

Protection against Retrospective Criminal Legislations (Article 20(1))

Any individual can be convicted only for violation of a law in force at the time of commission of the act. Also, the person cannot be subjected to a penalty greater than that prescribed by the law in force at the time of the commission of the act.

Protection against Double Jeopardy (Article 20(2))

A person cannot be tried and punished again for an offense for which they have already been either acquitted or convicted.

Protection against Self-Incrimination (Article 20(3))

No person accused of an offense shall be compelled to be a witness against oneself.

Protection of Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21)

This provision guarantees that no person shall be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law. This right is available to both citizens and noncitizens and serves as a cornerstone of individual rights.