Governor/Governor General/Viceroy (Part-III)

41. Which of the following statements about Lord Mayo's Resolution of 1870 are correct? [69th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2023]

1. It was the first step that bifurcated Central and Provincial finances.
2. Provincial Government were empowered to administer certain services.
3. It attempted to rectify existing imparity.
4. It focussed on the actual needs of the Provinces.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) Only 1 and 2
(b) Only 1, 3 and 4
(c) Only 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Correct Answer: (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution:The Indian Council Act of 1816 implemented the strategy of legislative devolution, and the probable outcome of this was Mayo's Resolution of 1870, focusing on financial decentralization. The m Imperial Government, prompted by administration efficiency and financial constraints, opted to transfer the control of certain administration departments including education, medical services. and roads-to provincial governments. This marked the inception of local financial management. To ensure fiscal stability, provincial government were granted the authority to rely on local taxation for balancing their budgets. Lord Mayo's resolution had delineated. "Local interest, supervision, and care are necessary to success in the management of the funds devoted to education, sanitation, medical relief, and local public works. The operation of this resolution in its full meaning and integrity will afford opportunities for the development of self-government, for strengthening municipal institution, and for the association of Natives and European to a greater extent than heretofore in the administration of affairs".

42. The Governor-General who followed a spirited "Forward" policy towards Afghanistan was: [I.A.S. (Pre) 1999]

(a) Minto
(b) Dufferin
(c) Elgin
(d) Lytton

Correct Answer: (d) Lytton

Solution:Lord Lytton served as the Viceroy of India from 1876 to 1880, a period marked by controversy and criticism. His administration's handling of the Great Famine of 1876-1878 was widely condemned for its inadequate relief efforts. Despite this, Lytton attempted to strengthen the Indian administration and pursued policies aimed at consolidating British control.

Lytton's aggressive foreign policy toward Afghanistan also drew criticism. His assertive stance was seen as a key factor leading to the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880), further tarnishing his legacy. His tenure is remembered for both his controversial domestic policies, such as the Vernacular Press Act, and his problematic approach to foreign affairs.

43. The Viceroy who followed aggressive policy towards Afghanistan was [65th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2019]

Correct Answer: (b) Lord Lytton

Solution:Lord Lytton served as the Viceroy of India from 1876 to 1880, a period marked by controversy and criticism. His administration's handling of the Great Famine of 1876-1878 was widely condemned for its inadequate relief efforts. Despite this, Lytton attempted to strengthen the Indian administration and pursued policies aimed at consolidating British control.

Lytton's aggressive foreign policy toward Afghanistan also drew criticism. His assertive stance was seen as a key factor leading to the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880), further tarnishing his legacy. His tenure is remembered for both his controversial domestic policies, such as the Vernacular Press Act, and his problematic approach to foreign affairs.

44. Lord Lytton is not associated with which of the following? [69th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2023]

(a) The Strachey Commission
(b) The Arms Act
(c) The Vernacular Press Act
(d) The Ilbert Bill

Correct Answer: (d) The Ilbert Bill

Solution:Lord Lytton was an English politician who served as the Viceroy of India form 1876 to 1880. His tenure as Viceroy was marked by a controversial policy known as the Vernacular Press Act of 1878, which aimed to regulate the Indian vernacular press and limit its freedom of expression. The policies introduced during included the Indian arms Act of 1878, according to which, it was a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without a license. The Act was discriminatory as it did not apply to the British, Anglo-Indians, European, and certain government personnel. Famine Codes were given by the Famine Commission that was set up in 1878 under the Chairmanship of Sir Richard Strachey (Strachey Commission) during tenure of Lord Lytton only. The infamous' Famine Codes.' have been criticized for their handling of the 1876-1878 famine in India, which resulted in significant loss of life.
Ilbert bill on the other hand was introduced in 1883 by Lord Rippon that allowed Indian Judges and Magistrates to try British Offenders in criminal cases at district level.

45. Who had the longest tenure as the Viceroy of India? [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]

(a) Lord Curzon
(b) Lord Dufferin
(c) Lord Hardinge
(d) Lord Mayo

Correct Answer: (a) Lord Curzon

Solution:Among all the British Viceroy, Lord Curzon had the longest tenure as the Viceroy of India.

List-I	List-II
(a) Lord Curzon	1899-1905 = 7 years
(b) Lord Dufferin	1884-1888 = 4 years
(c) Lord Harding	1910-1916 = 6 years
(d) Lord Mayo	1869-1872 = 3 years

46. Local Self-Government institutions in India were strengthened in 1882 by: [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1994]

(a) George Barlow
(b) Lord Rippon
(c) Lord Curzon
(d) Lord Lytton

Correct Answer: (b) Lord Rippon

Solution:In 1880 A.D. the Liberal party came to power in England in the leadership of Gladstone. He was a supporter of freedom. Lord Rippon was appointed as Viceroy during this period. The landmark in the development of local self-government was Lord Ripon's resolution of 1882. The historic resolution was issued on May 18, 1882. Ripon wanted to develop municipalities in the country. According to him, the political education of the country begins with this. Under this proposal, local boards were established in rural territories. The resolution was passed to build district sub-division, Tehsil or Taluka in every district. The municipalities were established in the cities. These institutions were given several tasks and sources of income.

47. Who was responsible for encouraging the local self Govt. in India? [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2010,1996, Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Mains) 2002]

(a) Lord Mayo
(b) Lord Lytton
(c) Lord Canning
(d) Lord Rippon

Correct Answer: (d) Lord Rippon

Solution:In 1880 A.D. the Liberal party came to power in England in the leadership of Gladstone. He was a supporter of freedom. Lord Rippon was appointed as Viceroy during this period. The landmark in the development of local self-government was Lord Ripon's resolution of 1882. The historic resolution was issued on May 18, 1882. Ripon wanted to develop municipalities in the country. According to him, the political education of the country begins with this. Under this proposal, local boards were established in rural territories. The resolution was passed to build district sub-division, Tehsil or Taluka in every district. The municipalities were established in the cities. These institutions were given several tasks and sources of income.

48. The Ilbert Bill controversy was related to the [I.A.S. (Pre) 2013]

(a) Imposition of certain restriction to carry by the Indians
(b) Imposition of restrictions on newspapers and magazines published in Indian languages.
(c) Removal of disqualifications imposed on the Indians Magistrates about the trial of the European
(d) Removal of duty on imported cotton cloth

Correct Answer: (c) Removal of disqualifications imposed on the Indians Magistrates about the trial of the European

Solution:The Ilbert Bill was a bill introduced in 1883 A.D. for British India by Viceroy Ripon that proposed an amendment to existing laws in the country to allow Indian Judges and Magistrates to try British offenders in criminal cases at the district level, something that was not allowed before. The introduction of the bill led to intense opposition in Britain and from British settlers in India that ultimately played on racial tensions.