Indian History and World History (Part-13)

Prophet Muhammad founded the faith of Islam in the seventh century. The Arabic word Islam, which literally means “surrender,” illuminates the fundamental religious idea of Islam — that the believer (called a Muslim, from the active particle of Islam) accepts surrender to the will of Allah (in Arabic, Allah = God).

In 711 an Arab general named Muhammad Qasim conquered Sind, which became part of the Caliph’s domain.

In 711 an Arab general named Muhammad Qasim conquered Sind, which became part of the Caliph’s domain.

Chachnama is one of the only written sources about the Arab conquest of Sindh, and therefore the origins of Islam in India. Chach Nama, also known as the Fateh Nama Sindh, is a valuable source of Arab history, written in Arabic by Kazi Ismail, who was appointed the first Qazi of Alor by Muhammad Qasim after the conquest of the Sindh.

Mahmud Ghazni is believed to have invaded India 17 times during which he plundered many richest cities and temple towns in India between 999 and 1027 A.D. It is to be noted that instead of "14 times" mentioned in the question, it should be 17 times.

Mahmud Ghazni is believed to have invaded India 17 times during which he plundered many richest cities and temple towns in India between 999 and 1027 A.D. It is to be noted that instead of "14 times" mentioned in the question, it should be 17 times.

Mahmud Ghaznavi made the first attack on India in 999 A.D. as Mahmud of Ghaznavi, known as Mahmud of Ghazni or Mahmud-i-Jabuli. He was the son of Subuktagin. Attracted by India’s wealth, Ghaznavi attacked India a total of 17 times. The last Indian invasion of Mahmud Ghaznavi was against the Jats in 1027 AD.

In 1025/1026, the Turkic Muslim ruler Mahmud of Ghazni raided and plundered the Somnath temple, and damaged its jyotirlinga. He took away a booty of 20 million dinars.

Along with Mahmud Ghazni, Al-Biruni was a traveller who came to India from Uzbekistan in the 11th century. He wrote extensively about the religious and cultural aspects of the people of India in his book called Tarikh-ul-Hind (History of India). He also wrote about the divide and conflict between the Hindu and Islamic communities in his book.

The first battle of Tarain was fought in 1191 between the Ghurids, a Turkish tribe, led by Muhammad Ghori and the Rajputs led by Prithviraj Chauhan and his allies. The encounter ended in victory for the Rajput forces. The Second Battle of Tarain was fought in 1192 between Muhammad Ghuri and Prithviraj Chauhan. The battle ended in decisive victory for the invading Ghurids and their successful entry in north Indian plain.