Indian History and World History (Part-14)

•  Tanka was a silver coin while the Jital was made of copper.
• The coins prior to Iltutmish were introduced by the invaders which bear the Sanskrit characters and even Bull and Shivalinga.
• Iltutmish was the first to introduce a “Pure Arabic Coin” in India.

Balban was the reason for the overthrow of Ala-ud-din Masud, placing Nasiruddin Mahmud as Sultan and himself as his Wazir from 1246 to 1265.

Mahmud married one of Balban’s daughters.

Balban also appointed Kishlu Khan, his younger brother, as lord chamberlain (Amir-i Hajib) and appointed his cousin, Sher Khan, to the Jagir of Lahore and Bhatinda.

Balban ruled from 1266–1287.

1. He was a member of Chahalgani Chalisia.
2. He created a strong centralised army and established the military department Diwan-i-Arz.
3. He took up the title of Zil-i-Ilahi (a shadow of God)
4. and impressed upon the people that the king was the deputy of God (Niyabat-i-Khuda).

Important Books of the Delhi Sultanate Period

1. Taj-ul-Maasir – Hasan Nizami

   • First official history of the Delhi Sultanate; covers the reign of Qutbuddin Aibak.

2. Tabqat-i-Nasiri – Minhaj-i-Siraj

   • A general history of Muslim dynasties; important for the reign of Iltutmish and early Delhi Sultans.

3. Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi – Ziauddin Barani

   • Chronicles from Balban to Firoz Shah Tughlaq; includes political theory and court life.

4. Fatwa-i-Jahandari – Ziauddin Barani

   • A political treatise offering advice on Islamic rule and kingship.

5. Khazain-ul-Futuh (Treasures of Victory) – Amir Khusrau

   • Describes the military achievements of Alauddin Khilji.

6. Tughlaqnama – Amir Khusrau

   • A masnavi written in praise of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.

7. Ashika – Amir Khusrau

   • A romantic masnavi dedicated to Alauddin Khilji.

8. Nuh Sipihr (Nine Skies) – Amir Khusrau

   • A poetic work praising the court of Alauddin Khilji.

9. Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi – Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi

   • Chronicles the period from the Ghaznavids to the Lodis.

10. Futuh-us-Salatin – Isami

• A historical poem covering events from the Prophet Muhammad to Alauddin Bahman Shah of the Deccan.

Raziyya was Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter.

She became Sultan in 1236. She was very talented. But she was not accepted when she became a ruler. Those were the days when women were not allowed to enjoy independent identities.

They were supposed to be subordinate to men. This led to her removal from the throne in 1240.

Who was Raziya Sultan?

• Raziya Sultan was the first and only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.

• She belonged to the Slave Dynasty (Mamluk Dynasty).

• Daughter of Iltutmish, who nominated her as his successor due to her intelligence and capability.

Who was Raziya Sultan?

• Raziya Sultan was the first and only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.

• She belonged to the Slave Dynasty (Mamluk Dynasty).

• Daughter of Iltutmish, who nominated her as his successor due to her intelligence and capability.

He ascended the throne in 1211 and is considered to be the greatest of slave dynasty.

Alauddin Khilji (Reign: 1296–1316 AD)

Who was Alauddin Khilji?

• Second ruler of the Khilji Dynasty (Delhi Sultanate)

• Real name: Ali Gurshasp

• Nephew and son-in-law of Jalaluddin Khilji

• Military Achievements:

  • Defeated Mongol invasions multiple times (most successfully among Delhi Sultans)

  • Sent Malik Kafur to conquer South India

    • Major conquests:

      • Devagiri (Yadavas)

      • Warangal (Kakatiyas)

      • Dwarasamudra (Hoysalas)

      • Madurai (Pandyas)

  • Annexed Gujarat, Ranthambore, Mewar, Malwa, Jalore

• Assassinated Jalaluddin to become Sultan

Administration & Reforms:

1. Market Reforms:

   • Fixed prices of essential commodities

   • Strict market control to prevent black marketing

   • Appointed officers like Shahna-i-Mandi

2. Military Reforms:

   • Maintained a large standing army

   • Introduced Dagh (branding of horses) and Chehra (descriptive rolls)

3. Land Revenue Reforms:

   • Measured land and fixed tax (50% of produce)

   • Direct collection of revenue

4. No interference by Ulemas:

   • Did not allow religious leaders to interfere in politics

   • Ruled as a pragmatic king, not a theocratic one

He was the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty.