Indian History and World History (Part-3)

The First Council was held by king Ajatashatru with the monk Mahakasyapa Upali at Rajagirha.
The Second Council was held by king Kalashoka with Sabakami at Vaishali.
The Third Council was held by Ashoka with monk Moggaliputta Tissa at Pataliputra.
The Fourth Council was held by king Kanishka with the monks Ashvaghosha and Vasumitra at Kundalavana in Kashmir.

The first Buddhist Council was held soon after the death of the Buddha, the majority of scholars attributing it to around 400 BCE. It was held under patron age of king Ajatashatru with the monk Mahakasyapa presiding, at Sattapanni caves Rajgriha (now Rajgir).Its objective was to preserve the Buddha's teachings (suttas) and the monastic discipline or rules (vinaya).

Buddha preached his messages in Pali, the everyday language spoken in north India. The language of the ancient Buddhist scriptures was Pali. Tripitaka is the collection of the teachings of the Buddha in the Pali language. It consists of three sections of the Buddha’s Teachings: Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka.

Ashta Mahasthana associated with the life of the Buddha are Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar, Shravasti, Sankissa, Rajgirha and Vaishali.

Buddhist architecture can be seen in the form of Stupas, Chaityas, and Viharas. Chaityas were constructed as shrines of Buddhism. Viharas were built for the purpose of lodging Buddhist monks. They are dwelling for monks. The stupa is a ceremonial burial mound used for the veneration of Buddhist saints. Christians believe that Jesus Christ was the Son of God. Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic religions. Judaism believes in the oneness of God and rejects the Christian concept of God in human form.

The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought between Alexander the Great and King Porus in 326 BC. It took place on the banks of the Jhelum River (known to the ancient Greeks as Hydaspes) in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan).

Lord Mahavir’s preaching was orally compiled into many texts (scriptures) by his disciples. These scriptures are known as Jain Agam or Agam Sutras. The Agam Sutras teach great reverence for all forms of life, strict codes of vegetarianism, asceticism, compassion, nonviolence, and renunciation of war. Ang-agam is known as the oldest religious scriptures and the backbone of Jain Literature.

The temples of Dilwara are a sacred shrine of the Jains. Dilwara Jain Temples are one of the finest Jain temples known for their extraordinary architecture and marvellous marble stone carvings. These temples were built by Vimal Shah between the 11th and 13th centuries AD.

Located near Mount Abu in Rajasthan, Dilwara temples comprise five Jain temples that are known for their religious and architectural elegance. Built between the 11th and 13th centuries AD, these temples were one of the finest temples of temples during the period of the Chalukya dynasty. Dilwara Temples are situated near Mount Abu.

Located near Mount Abu in Rajasthan, Dilwara temples comprise five Jain temples that are known for their religious and architectural elegance. Built between the 11th and 13th centuries AD, these temples were one of the finest temples of temples during the period of the Chalukya dynasty. Dilwara Temples are situated near Mount Abu.