Indian History and World History (Part-39)

• He was born on April 20, 1889, in Austria.
• He was a German politician and dictator.
• He was the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP).
• This party was often known as the 'Nazi Party'.
• He was the Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. He committed suicide on April 30, 1945.

• He was born on April 20, 1889, in Austria.
• He was a German politician and dictator.
• He was the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP).
• This party was often known as the 'Nazi Party'.
• He was the Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. He committed suicide on April 30, 1945.

World War I (1914–1918)

1. Cause:

   • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne) on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo.

   • Nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and complex alliances contributed to the conflict.

2. Major Powers:

   • Allied Powers: France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy (joined in 1915), and later the United States.

   • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

3. Key Events:

   • Trench warfare on the Western Front, characterized by brutal conditions.

   • Battle of the Somme (1916) and Battle of Verdun (1916) were some of the largest and bloodiest battles.

   • United States entered in 1917, tipping the balance in favor of the Allies.

4. End:

   • Armistice signed on 11 November 1918, leading to the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, which imposed heavy reparations on Germany.

5. Consequences:

   • The collapse of empires (Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and German).

   • Formation of the League of Nations aimed at preventing future wars.

   • Major political and economic changes, including the Russian Revolution (1917).

World War I (1914–1918)

1. Cause:

   • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne) on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo.

   • Nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and complex alliances contributed to the conflict.

2. Major Powers:

   • Allied Powers: France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy (joined in 1915), and later the United States.

   • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

3. Key Events:

   • Trench warfare on the Western Front, characterized by brutal conditions.

   • Battle of the Somme (1916) and Battle of Verdun (1916) were some of the largest and bloodiest battles.

   • United States entered in 1917, tipping the balance in favor of the Allies.

4. End:

   • Armistice signed on 11 November 1918, leading to the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, which imposed heavy reparations on Germany.

5. Consequences:

   • The collapse of empires (Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and German).

   • Formation of the League of Nations aimed at preventing future wars.

   • Major political and economic changes, including the Russian Revolution (1917).

Germany surrendered on November 11, 1918. On June 28, 1919, Germany and the Allies (Britain, France, Italy, and Russia) signed a treaty at Versailles (Versailles) near Paris in France, which marked the formal end of World War I.

World War II (1939–1945) - Key Points:

1. Cause:

   • German invasion of Poland by Adolf Hitler on 1 September 1939, and the rise of totalitarian regimes.

2. Major Powers:

   • Allied Powers: United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, China, and France.

   • Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan.

3. Key Events:

   • Battle of Britain (1940), Operation Barbarossa (1941), Pearl Harbor attack (1941), D-Day (1944), and atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945).

4. End:

   • Germany surrendered on 7 May 1945; Japan surrendered on 2 September 1945.

5. Consequences:

   • Formation of the United Nations, division of Germany, start of the Cold War, and the Holocaust.

World War II (1939–1945) - Key Points:

1. Cause:

   • German invasion of Poland by Adolf Hitler on 1 September 1939, and the rise of totalitarian regimes.

2. Major Powers:

   • Allied Powers: United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, China, and France.

   • Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan.

3. Key Events:

   • Battle of Britain (1940), Operation Barbarossa (1941), Pearl Harbor attack (1941), D-Day (1944), and atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945).

4. End:

   • Germany surrendered on 7 May 1945; Japan surrendered on 2 September 1945.

5. Consequences:

   • Formation of the United Nations, division of Germany, start of the Cold War, and the Holocaust.

The Ghuri powers or the Axis powers included Germany, Japan, and Italy.

Hungary, Romania (both in 1940), and Bulgaria (in 1941) were part of the Allies Powers.

The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I. It was signed on 28 June 1919 at the Palace of Versailles, France, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which had triggered the war.

Key Points of the Treaty of Versailles:

1. Main Provisions:

   • Germany's Responsibility: Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for the war (the "war guilt clause").

   • Reparations: Germany was required to pay huge reparations to the Allied powers for the damages caused during the war.

   • Territorial Losses: Germany lost territory to Belgium, France, Denmark, and Poland. The Saar Basin was placed under League of Nations control, and Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France.

   • Military Restrictions: The size of the German military was limited to 100,000 troops, and they were forbidden from having an air force or submarines.

   • League of Nations: The treaty established the League of Nations to promote peace and prevent future conflicts.

2. Impact:

   • The treaty caused deep resentment in Germany, as many Germans felt the terms were too harsh and unfair.

   • It did not prevent World War II, but rather, some of its terms contributed to the rise of Nazism and Adolf Hitler.

This slogan was given by Karl Marx.

This revolution resulted at the end of the Tsar's autocratic rule in Russia and the establishment of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.