INDIAN POLITY (Part-2)

India has borrowed Directive Principles of State Policy, Nomination of members   to Rajya Sabha and the Method of the election of a president from Ireland.

India has borrowed a Federation with a strong Centre, Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre, Appointment of state governors by the Centre and Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court from Canada.

India has borrowed Fundamental rights and judicial review from the United States.

Sources of Indian Constitution:

1. Import of Government of India Act, 1935: The constitution have included a large number of the provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935 into the Constitution of India. It include federal Scheme, Office of governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency provisions etc.
2. Borrowed from Britain: Britain ruled for India over 200 years. Thus major part of polity is shaped according to Britain’s polity. E.g. Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, Legislative procedure, Single citizenship, Cabinet system are from Britain unwritten constitution.
3. Ireland:  Directive Principles of State Policy, Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha and Method of election of president.
4. Unites States of America: United States of America is democracy like India. India borrowed many parts like Impeachment of the president, Functions of president and vice-president, Removal of Supreme Court and High court judges, Fundamental Right, Judicial review, Independence of judiciary and Preamble of the constitution form USA which has helped India to thrive as largest democracy in the world.
5. Canada: From Canada we inspired and modelled our polity as a union. Borrowed provisions from Canada are Federation with a strong Centre, Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre , Appointment of state governors by the Centre and Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
6. Australia: From Australia Concurrent List, Freedom of trade, Commerce and inter-course and Joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament were borrowed.
7. Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia): Indian constitution borrowed Fundamental duties and ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble From USSR.
8. French Constitution – Republic and the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble.
9. Many other ideas were borrowed from Japan, France and South Africa. Thereby Indian constitution borrowed significant portion from all over the world but it was not a copy-paste, rather was a conscious adoption of strong provisions across the world for Indian society.

1. Import of Government of India Act, 1935: The constitution have included a large number of the provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935 into the Constitution of India. It include federal Scheme, Office of governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency provisions etc.
2. Borrowed from Britain: Britain ruled for India over 200 years. Thus major part of polity is shaped according to Britain’s polity. E.g. Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, Legislative procedure, Single citizenship, Cabinet system are from Britain unwritten constitution.
3. Ireland:  Directive Principles of State Policy, Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha and Method of election of president.
4. Unites States of America: United States of America is democracy like India. India borrowed many parts like Impeachment of the president, Functions of president and vice-president, Removal of Supreme Court and High court judges, Fundamental Right, Judicial review, Independence of judiciary and Preamble of the constitution form USA which has helped India to thrive as largest democracy in the world.
5. Canada: From Canada we inspired and modelled our polity as a union. Borrowed provisions from Canada are Federation with a strong Centre, Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre , Appointment of state governors by the Centre and Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
6. Australia: From Australia Concurrent List, Freedom of trade, Commerce and inter-course and Joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament were borrowed.
7. Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia): Indian constitution borrowed Fundamental duties and ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble From USSR.
8. French Constitution – Republic and the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble.
9. Many other ideas were borrowed from Japan, France and South Africa. Thereby Indian constitution borrowed significant portion from all over the world but it was not a copy-paste, rather was a conscious adoption of strong provisions across the world for Indian society.

Sources of Indian Constitution:

1. Import of Government of India Act, 1935: The constitution have included a large number of the provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935 into the Constitution of India. It include federal Scheme, Office of governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency provisions etc.
2. Borrowed from Britain: Britain ruled for India over 200 years. Thus major part of polity is shaped according to Britain’s polity. E.g. Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, Legislative procedure, Single citizenship, Cabinet system are from Britain unwritten constitution.
3. Ireland:  Directive Principles of State Policy, Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha and Method of election of president.
4. Unites States of America: United States of America is democracy like India. India borrowed many parts like Impeachment of the president, Functions of president and vice-president, Removal of Supreme Court and High court judges, Fundamental Right, Judicial review, Independence of judiciary and Preamble of the constitution form USA which has helped India to thrive as largest democracy in the world.
5. Canada: From Canada we inspired and modelled our polity as a union. Borrowed provisions from Canada are Federation with a strong Centre, Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre , Appointment of state governors by the Centre and Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
6. Australia: From Australia Concurrent List, Freedom of trade, Commerce and inter-course and Joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament were borrowed.
7. Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia): Indian constitution borrowed Fundamental duties and ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble From USSR.
8. French Constitution – Republic and the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble.
9. Many other ideas were borrowed from Japan, France and South Africa. Thereby Indian constitution borrowed significant portion from all over the world but it was not a copy-paste, rather was a conscious adoption of strong provisions across the world for Indian society.

The Constitution so adopted has the following salient features—

1. The Lengthiest Constitution in the World.-

2. Parliamentary Form of Government.

3. Unique Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility.

4. Fundamental Rights.

5. Directive Principles of State policy.-

6. Fundamental Duties.

7. A Federation with Strong Centralizing Tendency.-

8. Adult Suffrage.

9. An Independent Judiciary.

10. A Secular State.

11. Single Citizenship.

12. Separation of Powers.

Constitution have been borrowed from the Constitution of South Africa.

Sources of Indian Constitution:

1. Import of Government of India Act, 1935: The constitution have included a large number of the provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935 into the Constitution of India. It include federal Scheme, Office of governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency provisions etc.
2. Borrowed from Britain: Britain ruled for India over 200 years. Thus major part of polity is shaped according to Britain’s polity. E.g. Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, Legislative procedure, Single citizenship, Cabinet system are from Britain unwritten constitution.
3. Ireland:  Directive Principles of State Policy, Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha and Method of election of president.
4. Unites States of America: United States of America is democracy like India. India borrowed many parts like Impeachment of the president, Functions of president and vice-president, Removal of Supreme Court and High court judges, Fundamental Right, Judicial review, Independence of judiciary and Preamble of the constitution form USA which has helped India to thrive as largest democracy in the world.
5. Canada: From Canada we inspired and modelled our polity as a union. Borrowed provisions from Canada are Federation with a strong Centre, Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre , Appointment of state governors by the Centre and Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
6. Australia: From Australia Concurrent List, Freedom of trade, Commerce and inter-course and Joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament were borrowed.
7. Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia): Indian constitution borrowed Fundamental duties and ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble From USSR.
8. French Constitution – Republic and the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble.
9. Many other ideas were borrowed from Japan, France and South Africa. Thereby Indian constitution borrowed significant portion from all over the world but it was not a copy-paste, rather was a conscious adoption of strong provisions across the world for Indian society.

Constitution have been borrowed from the Constitution of South Africa.

Sources of Indian Constitution:

1. Import of Government of India Act, 1935: The constitution have included a large number of the provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935 into the Constitution of India. It include federal Scheme, Office of governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency provisions etc.
2. Borrowed from Britain: Britain ruled for India over 200 years. Thus major part of polity is shaped according to Britain’s polity. E.g. Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, Legislative procedure, Single citizenship, Cabinet system are from Britain unwritten constitution.
3. Ireland:  Directive Principles of State Policy, Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha and Method of election of president.
4. Unites States of America: United States of America is democracy like India. India borrowed many parts like Impeachment of the president, Functions of president and vice-president, Removal of Supreme Court and High court judges, Fundamental Right, Judicial review, Independence of judiciary and Preamble of the constitution form USA which has helped India to thrive as largest democracy in the world.
5. Canada: From Canada we inspired and modelled our polity as a union. Borrowed provisions from Canada are Federation with a strong Centre, Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre , Appointment of state governors by the Centre and Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
6. Australia: From Australia Concurrent List, Freedom of trade, Commerce and inter-course and Joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament were borrowed.
7. Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia): Indian constitution borrowed Fundamental duties and ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble From USSR.
8. French Constitution – Republic and the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble.
9. Many other ideas were borrowed from Japan, France and South Africa. Thereby Indian constitution borrowed significant portion from all over the world but it was not a copy-paste, rather was a conscious adoption of strong provisions across the world for Indian society.

Constitution have been borrowed from the Constitution of South Africa.

Sources of Indian Constitution:

1. Import of Government of India Act, 1935: The constitution have included a large number of the provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935 into the Constitution of India. It include federal Scheme, Office of governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency provisions etc.
2. Borrowed from Britain: Britain ruled for India over 200 years. Thus major part of polity is shaped according to Britain’s polity. E.g. Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, Legislative procedure, Single citizenship, Cabinet system are from Britain unwritten constitution.
3. Ireland:  Directive Principles of State Policy, Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha and Method of election of president.
4. Unites States of America: United States of America is democracy like India. India borrowed many parts like Impeachment of the president, Functions of president and vice-president, Removal of Supreme Court and High court judges, Fundamental Right, Judicial review, Independence of judiciary and Preamble of the constitution form USA which has helped India to thrive as largest democracy in the world.
5. Canada: From Canada we inspired and modelled our polity as a union. Borrowed provisions from Canada are Federation with a strong Centre, Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre , Appointment of state governors by the Centre and Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
6. Australia: From Australia Concurrent List, Freedom of trade, Commerce and inter-course and Joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament were borrowed.
7. Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia): Indian constitution borrowed Fundamental duties and ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble From USSR.
8. French Constitution – Republic and the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble.
9. Many other ideas were borrowed from Japan, France and South Africa. Thereby Indian constitution borrowed significant portion from all over the world but it was not a copy-paste, rather was a conscious adoption of strong provisions across the world for Indian society.

Part II of the Constitution of India contains provisions for demarcating the status of citizens in India during commencement of Constitution. Article 5-11 covers the concept of Citizenship in the Constitution of India. Part II was enforced from the signing date of the Constitution, that is 26th of November 1949. The Parliament of India holds the control over the matter of Citizenship as it is a subject of the Union List enshrined in the 7th schedule.