MICROBIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY (Part-III)

An oncogene is a mutated gene that has the potential to cause cancer. Before an oncogene becomes mutated, it is called a proto-oncogene, and it plays a role in regulating normal cell division.

In an autosomal dominant disorder, the mutated gene is a dominant gene located on one of the nonsex chromosomes (autosomes). The early-onset form of Alzheimer’s disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. In most cases, an affected person inherits the altered gene from one affected parent.

Oxybutynin reduces spasm or contraction of the muscles of the bladder and urinary tract. This medication is used to treat symptoms of overactivity of the bladder such as frequent urination, urine leakage, or incontinence.

Azithromycin is in a class of medications called macrolide antibiotics. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics such as azithromycin will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections.

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is a source of energy that is released naturally by the sun and artificially from sunbeds. Too much UV radiation from the sun or sunbeds can damage the DNA in our skin cells. DNA damage  builds up over time, it can cause cells to start growing out of control, which can lead to skin cancer.

Tramadol is used to relieve moderate to moderately severe pain, including pain after surgery. The extended-release capsules or tablets are used for chronic ongoing pain. Tramadol belongs to the group of medicines called opioid analgesics. It acts in the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain.

In 1897, Felix Hoffman, a German chemist working for the Bayer Company, was able to modify salicylic acid to create acetylsalicylic acid, which was named aspirin.

Diazepam is used to treat anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and seizures. It is also used to relieve muscle spasms and to provide sedation before medical procedures. This medication works by calming the brain and nerves. Diazepam belongs to a class of drugs known as benzodiazepines.