Miscellaneous (Indian Polity) (Part-2)

Article 125 of the constitution of India deals with the salary, allowances, pension etc of the judges of the supreme court.

Article 124 (4) deals with the process of removal of a judge of the supreme court .

Article 61 deals with the impeachment of the president.

The "creamy layer" in the context of Other Backward Classes (OBC) refers to those OBCs who are considered socially and economically advanced, and therefore, are not eligible for reservation benefits. The current income limit to determine the creamy layer is ₹8 lakh per annum. 

According to Article 248 of the Indian Constitution, the Parliament has the exclusive power to formulate laws that are related to matters that have not been mentioned in the Concurrent List and State List.

Sources of the Constitution of India

• Government of India Act of 1935 – Federal Scheme, Office of Governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency Provisions, and Administrative Details.
• British Constitution – Parliamentary System of Government, Rule of Law, Legislative Procedure, Single Citizenship, Cabinet System, Prerogative Writs, Parliamentary Privileges, and Bicameralism.
• US Constitution – Fundamental Rights, Independence of the Judiciary, Judicial Review, Impeachment of the President, Removal of Supreme Court and High Court Judges, and the Post of the Vice-President.
• Irish Constitution – Directive Principles of State Policy, the Nomination of Members to Rajya Sabha, and Method of Election of the President.
• Canadian Constitution – Federation with a strong Centre, vesting of residuary powers in the Centre, appointment of state governors by the Centre, and advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
• Australian Constitution – Concurrent List, Freedom of Trade, Commerce & Intercourse, and a Joint Sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.
• Weimar Constitution of Germany – Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency.
• Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia) – Fundamental duties and the ideal of Justice (Social, Economic, and Political) in the Preamble.
• French Constitution – Republic and the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble.
• South African Constitution – Procedure for amendment of the Constitution and election of members of Rajya Sabha.
• Japanese Constitution – Procedure established by law.

Recommendations of Mandal Commission:

1. OBCs must be provided a reservation of 27% in public sector and government jobs.
2. They should be provided with the same 27% reservation in promotions at all levels of public services.
3. The reserved quota, if unfilled, should be carried forward for a period of 3 years.
4. OBCs should be provided age relaxation similar to SCs and STs.
5. Reservations to be made in PSUs, banks, private sector undertakings receiving government grants, colleges, and universities.
6. The government to make the necessary legal provisions to implement these recommendations.

According to Article 248 of the Indian Constitution, the Parliament has the exclusive power to formulate laws that are related to matters that have not been mentioned in the Concurrent List and State List.

Sources of the Constitution of India

• Government of India Act of 1935 – Federal Scheme, Office of Governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency Provisions, and Administrative Details.
• British Constitution – Parliamentary System of Government, Rule of Law, Legislative Procedure, Single Citizenship, Cabinet System, Prerogative Writs, Parliamentary Privileges, and Bicameralism.
• US Constitution – Fundamental Rights, Independence of the Judiciary, Judicial Review, Impeachment of the President, Removal of Supreme Court and High Court Judges, and the Post of the Vice-President.
• Irish Constitution – Directive Principles of State Policy, the Nomination of Members to Rajya Sabha, and Method of Election of the President.
• Canadian Constitution – Federation with a strong Centre, vesting of residuary powers in the Centre, appointment of state governors by the Centre, and advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
• Australian Constitution – Concurrent List, Freedom of Trade, Commerce & Intercourse, and a Joint Sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.
• Weimar Constitution of Germany – Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency.
• Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia) – Fundamental duties and the ideal of Justice (Social, Economic, and Political) in the Preamble.
• French Constitution – Republic and the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble.
• South African Constitution – Procedure for amendment of the Constitution and election of members of Rajya Sabha.
• Japanese Constitution – Procedure established by law.

Manabendra Nath Roy (21 March 188726 January 1954), born Narendra Nath Bhattacharya, was an Indian revolutionary, radical activist and political theorist, as well as a noted philosopher of the 20th century.

Roy was a founder of the Mexican Communist Party and the Communist Party of India. He was also a delegate to congresses of the Communist International and Russia's aide to China.

Excise duty, an indirect tax levied on goods produced within a country.

Under Gift Tax, any gifts received exceeding Rs 50,000 in a financial year is added to the person's "income from other sources" and taxed according to the income tax slab.

A sales tax is a consumption tax imposed by the government on the sale of goods and services