Modern History: Miscellaneous (Part-I)

The First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-26) – The first of three wars fought between the British and Burmese Empires in the 19th century. The war, which began primarily over the control of northeastern India, ended in a decisive British victory, giving the total British control of Assam, Manipur, Cachar, and Jaintia as well as Arakan Province and Tenasserim. The Burmese were also forced to pay an indemnity of one million pounds and sign a commercial treaty "Treaty of Yandabo."

Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) – The Second Anglo-Sikh War took place in 1848 and 1849 between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company.

The time period of events in the asked question is:

• Battle of Shakarkheda - 1724 A.D.
• Battle of Bedara - 1759 A.D.
• Battle of Porto Novo - 1781 A.D.
• Battle of Mudki - 1845 A.D.

Moplah Revolt (1921) – Was the culmination of a series of riots by Mappila Muslims of Kerala in the 19th and early 20th centuries against the British and the Hindu landlords in Malabar.

Khilafat Movement (1919-24) – The Khilafat Movement, (1919-24), was a movement of Indian Muslims, led by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali and supported by Mahatma Gandhi.

Home Rule Movement (1916) – Was started in April 1916 and September 1916, respectively, by Indian nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak and British social reformer Annie Besant.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919) – Incident occurred on April 13, 1919, in which British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in an open space known as the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in the Punjab region (now in Punjab state) of India, killing thousands and wounding many thousands more. Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

Elizabeth II was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. She reigned for 70 years (1952-2022) and died at the age of 96 years (1926-2022).

The chronological order of the given Acts is:

• The Dramatic Performance Act, 1876
• Vernacular Press Act, enacted in 1878
• North-Western Provinces and Oudh Act, 1890
• Bengal Tenancy Act, 1885

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar is considered as one of the pillars of the Bengal Renaissance. In other words, he managed to continue the reforms movement that was started by Raja Rammohan Roy. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar initiated the concept of Widow Remarriage and also opened the doors of the colleges and other educational institutions to lower caste students, which were earlier reserved only for the Brahmins. For his immense generosity and kind-heartedness, people started addressing him as "Daya Sagar" (ocean of kindness).

Major-General Sir William Henry Sleeman was a British soldier and administrator in British India, best known for his work on the suppression of Thuggee. Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade was a judge, politician, and social reformer. Politically, Ranade established the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha and was among those who played a phenomenal role in setting up the Indian National Congress party. He was also an active reformer. He set up the Social Conference Movement, which worked against child marriage, and strongly advocated for Widow Remarriage and female education.

Lord Hastings became Governor-General in 1813. Lord Hastings finally decided to suppress the Pindaris. Hastings planned vigorous military preparations with a view to surrounding the Pindaris from all sides—north and east from Bengal, west from Gujarat, and south from the Deccan. An army of 113,000 men and 300 cannons was divided into two parts. By the end of 1817, the British troops were successful in expelling the Pindaris from Malwa. In January 1818, the Pindaris were practically exterminated.

The Ghadar Party, initially the Pacific Coast Hindustan Association, was formed in 1913 in the United States under the leadership of Har Dayal. He also published a paper titled "Ghadar," whose first issue was published on November 1st, 1913. In 1914, he went to Switzerland where he published another anti-British newspaper "Vande Mataram." In Faizabad, Maulavi Ahmed Ullah was the leader, not Zeenat Mahal. Zeenat Mahal was the queen of Bahadur Shah Zafar. The remaining statements 1, 2 are correct.

On February 20, 1947, Attlee made the statement: "It is the definite intention of the British Government to effect the transfer of power to responsible Indians by a date not later than June 3, 1948. If the League does not join the Constituent Assembly, the British Government will have to consider to whom the powers of Central Government of British Indian should be handed over on the due date." He also stated that "The British Government is not responsible for the partition."

Aurobindo's political career lasted nearly ten years, from 1901 to 1910. Though he had been active behind the scenes organizing and supporting the Nationalist cause, ever since his return to India, especially during his excursions to Bengal. He based his claim for the freedom of India on the inherent right to freedom, not on any charge of misgovernment or oppression. He wrote: "Political freedom is the life-breath of a nation."

Jay Prakash Narayan proposed "Party Less Democracy" in India.