Modern History (Part-III)

• Indigo is often refer to as blue gold because of its high value as a trading commodity.
• Indigo gives a blue hue to the fabrics.
• The demand for Indigo increased significantly during the industrialization in Britain and so did its production. Nearly all the fertile land went into growing indigo and farmers felt exploited in the hands of British planters. Indigo cultivation in India declined by the beginning of the 20 century because of its unprofitability in the world market because of new inventions.
• Synthetic Indigo made natural indigo non-profitable for farmers as well as traders.

• Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) wanted adequate training for the European civil servants. At Fort William College in Calcutta the civil servants from all the presidencies took three years of training before getting their civil posting.
• But the Court of Directors feared that such a training programme might result in the loyalties of the civil servants shifting from London to Calcutta. So in 1802 Fort William College was closed.

• Machines were very few. They were introduced in the starting of the 20th Century CE! (b) is wrong.
• Railway lines were laid post 1850s- i.e. second half of the 19th Century CE'! (c) is wrong.
• The British goods were given duty free trade permits '! (d) is wrong.
• Since Option (b), (c) & (d) Incorrect, Therefore we are left with the answer "(a)".

• Can be answered from elimination because BR Ambedkar & MK Gandhi worked in the 20th Century. And Jyotiba Phule wrote-Ghulam Giri (Book).
• Hence only (a) option is left, which is correct.
• Gopal Baba Walangkar- leader of the Mahar Movement in 19th century. He was an ex-serviceman and demanded more jobs in the army and other government services. He was a contemporary of Jyotiba Phule.Gopal Baba published Vital-Vidhvanasak.

Mont-Ford Reforms-Also known as Government of India Act, 1919- didn't gave voting rights to "all" women. Only limited franchise was given during this time, viz. voters qualification/criteria was the reason behind not giving universal adult suffrage.

Government of India Act, 1935 gave reservation of seats system of weightage to Women Members

• A distinguished Sanskrit scholar, Vidyasagar served as the principal of Sanskrit College in Calcutta.
• He believed that education should not be the privilege of a single community and broke the monopoly of Brahmin priests by opening Sanskrit education to non-Brahmin students.
• His efforts challenged traditional norms and paved the way for inclusivity in Indian education.
• Vidyasagar was a strong advocate of blending Eastern and Western educational systems.
• He believed that modern scientific knowledge should complement traditional Indian learning, thus ensuring a holistic approach to education.

After the weakening of the Mughal empire in the first half of the eighteenth century, the Nizam of Arcot emerged as an independent state. It was a protectorate of the Hyderabad state, but it did not emerge out of it. Hence statement 1 is wrong.

Mysore Kingdom became independent from the Vijaynagar empire in the year 1612 #2 is right Rohilkhand's Afghan rulers existed during Mughal reign and they had offered their services/alliance to Ahmed Shah Durrani in 3rd Battle of Panipat. So, Rohilkhand was not carved from territories of Durrani. #3 is wrong.

1st Quarter of 17th Century- refers to the period between 1601 to 1625. During this the East India Company had base in Surat, Bharuch (Broach), Ahmedabad etc. Trichonopolly Trichy came under the British Influence in the later part of 17th Century.

It was under the control of the Carnatic State, came to prominence in the second Carnatic war-1749 to 1754- can be easily eliminated. Chicacole- part of Northern Circars known for textile centre. It was taken by British from the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1766, during the first Anglo Mysore war.

The Vijayanagara Empire was a powerful South Indian empire established in 1336, which flourished as a centre of cultural, political, and economic prosperity. Its significance lies in promoting Hindu culture, architectural advancements, and resistance against the northern invasions in medieval India.

The Vijayanagara Empire provided an era of growth and stability in the South when the empires in North India were disintegrating. It left a rich legacy in its unique architectural style, the Vijayanagara Style, which had elements of both Central and Southern India. This synthesis inspired architectural innovation in Hindu temple construction. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies, such as water management systems for irrigation. The empire’s patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism.

• Mentioned in the Current Affairs- The Hindu article
• https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/when-jana-gana-mana-got-its-tune/article33945758.ece
• Pingali Venkaya-hoisted the national presented and design the national flag in 1921 at Vijaywada to Gandhi, during the Non Cooperation Movement.
• PattabhiSitarramaya was arrested with the entire committee and incarcerated for three years without outside contact in the fortin Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. Can be eliminated, through the classes/ books.
• Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott established the Theosophical Society of India at Adyar, near Madras- 1882.