Northern Mountainous Region

The Kumaon Himalaya is situated between the Satluj and Kali rivers. The geographic Himalayas' part between the Indus and Satluj rivers is called the 'Punjab Himalayas', the Himalayas between the Kali and Teesta rivers as the 'Nepal Himalaya' and the one between the Teesta and Dihang rivers is known as 'Assam Himalayas'.

Bhabar region is a narrow belt ranging between 8-16 km parallel to the Shiwalik foothill at the break-up of the slope. As a result of this, the stream and rivers coming from the mountains deposits heavy material of rock and boulders. South of Bhabar is a Tarai belt with an approximate width of 15-30 km. Bhabar in the Southern region of Shiwalik is an example of the Piedmont situation.

Correct matchis following -

All the above features are said to be an evidence for Himalayas being young folded mountain. Deep gorges, U-turn river courses, Parallel Mountain Ranges and steep gradient causing land sliding are very common views on Himalayas. The Himalayas, one of the youngest mountain ranges in the world, are classified into four distinct types based on their geographical and geological characteristics. These are the Trans-Himalayas, located to the north of the Great Himalayas, characterised by arid landscapes and high plateaus; the Greater Himalayas (Himadri), the highest and most continuous range that hosts prominent peaks like Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga; the Lesser Himalayas (Himachal), marked by rugged terrains and famous hill stations like Shimla and Darjeeling; and the Shivalik Hills, the outermost and youngest range featuring low-altitude foothills. Together, these ranges form a natural barrier and are vital for India's climate, biodiversity, and water resources

The mountain ranges marked 1,2,3 and 4 on the map of Jammu and Kashmir are :-

1. Karakoram ranges

2. Ladakh ranges

3. Zanskar ranges

1. 4. Pir Panjal

The Himalayan Range consists of parallel mountain ranges. It includes Great Himalayas, Trans Himalayan range, Middle Himalaya and the Shiwalik. The mountain range which runs parallel between the Shiwalik in the south and the Great Himalayas in the north is classified as the Middle Himalayas, sometimes also called Lesser Himalaya or Himachal or Lower Himalayas. It has an intricate system of ranges that have an average width of 50 km having elevation varying from 3,700 to 4,500 m above sea level. Pir Panjal, the Dhauladhar, the Mussoorie Range, the Nag Tibba and Mahabharat are some of the important ranges of the Middle Himalaya.

The correct order of Himalayan Ranges in the western section from south to north is the Shiwalik-Lesser Himalaya-Great Himalaya. The Himalayas, one of the youngest mountain ranges in the world, are classified into four distinct types based on their geographical and geological characteristics. These are the Trans-Himalayas, located to the north of the Great Himalayas, characterised by arid landscapes and high plateaus; the Greater Himalayas (Himadri), the highest and most continuous range that hosts prominent peaks like Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga; the Lesser Himalayas (Himachal), marked by rugged terrains and famous hill stations like Shimla and Darjeeling; and the Shivalik Hills, the outermost and youngest range featuring low-altitude foothills. Together, these ranges form a natural barrier and are vital for India's climate, biodiversity, and water resources

The Shiwalik Himalaya formed in the last stage of formation of Himalaya, thus they are considered as the youngest mountain range. It comprises the outermost range of the Himalayas and is also known as outer Himalayas. Flat scraps, anticlinal crests and synclinal valleys are the chief characteristics of this range. The Shiwaliks are formed of great thickness of Mio-Pleistocene sand, gravels and conglomerates which have been brought by the rivers flowing from the higher ranges of the Himalayas. These have been folded and faulted by the earth movements. Shiwaliks have a different names in different areas like Jammu Hills in Jammu. Dafla, Miri, Abor and Mishmi Hills in Arunachal Pradesh.

From south to northward, the correct sequence of above options is: Dhauladhar Range, Zaskar (Zanskar) Range, Ladakh Range and Karakoram. Karakoram, Ladakh and Zaskar Ranges are related to trans Himalaya while Dhauladhar Range is situated in Lesser or Middle Himalaya.

The correct northward sequence of the relief features is - Pirpanjal Range, Zaskar Range, Ladakh Range, Karakoram Range. Pirpanjal Range is situated in Middle Himalaya while remaining are related to Great Himalaya. Thus option (b) is the correct.