NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam (Cancel), June, 2024 Geography

The Sun's rays never shine vertically over Jhansi in a year because it is located approximately at 25.4° N, 23½° N which is north of the Tropic 2 of Cancer. The Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states of India (Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram). Thus, option (d) is correct.

The Extension Approach in India's population policy measures aimed to deliver messages and services to people in the farthest reaches of the country, and the New National Population Policy (2000) focused on the development of the education and health sectors.
The National Population Policy 2000 provides a policy framework for free and compulsory education for children up to 14 years of age, reducing the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to below 30 per 1000 live births, achieving universal immunization of children against vaccine-preventable diseases, encouraging girls to increase the age of marriage, and making family planning a people-centered program.
The adoption rate of family planning methods in Bihar is half that of Kerala, not double. The Cafeteria Approach refers to the strategy adopted by the government for the family planning program. The objective of this approach is to promote the use of all scientifically approved contraceptives for population control. Thus, both statements (B) and (D) are correct, therefore option (b) is correct.

According to Population 2022, the following countries are in the correct ascending order of population density in the world: Bhutan → Switzerland Bangladesh → Monaco. Thus, option (e) is correct.

The term Ethnocentrism was coined by William Graham Sumner. The Cultural Landscape is created by a cultural group from the natural landscape. The statement, "Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, and the cultural landscape is the result," was given by Carl Sauer, and not by Blache.
In India, there has not been an emphasis on assimilation rather than segregation and integration for the elimination of social exclusion of tribal societies; hence, this statement is incorrect. Hanson and McDowell highlighted inequalities in gender relations which form the basis of culture, society, and places.

The global average annual precipitation is approximately 100 cm, which is unevenly distributed across the Earth. The areas with the highest rainfall are found in the Equatorial and South-East Asian Monsoon regions, while the lowest rainfall occurs in desert and polar regions.

According to the Census of India 2011, the state of Punjab has the highest percentage of the Scheduled Castes population. The top states in terms of the percentage of Scheduled Castes in the general population are:
Punjab                                         - 31.9%
Himachal Pradesh                    -25.2%
West Bengal                               -23.5%
Uttar Pradesh                            - 20.7%
Haryana                                      - 20.2%
Thus, option (e) is correct.

The phenomenon of energy loss in successive trophic levels is governed by the estimated 10% rule. The 10% rule was given by Raymond Lindeman in 1942. According to this rule, only 10% of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, while the rest is lost to the environment. The transfer and flow of energy in an ecosystem are unidirectional, and it is not cycled or recycled. The order of energy flow is as follows:

In the Vector Model, a target or object is correctly represented by a specific shape. Vector is a two-dimensional model that depicts point, line, or polygon elements. These are represented by sets of coordinates of geographical features. A vector data model uses points stored by their exact (Earth) coordinates.
Here, lines and areas are constructed by a sequence of points. Manual digitizing is the best method for inputting vector data. The vector view adequately represents a Planar Enforcement data structure. The cartographic output quality of the vector model is good. The vector model has a complex data structure.
The Raster Model relates to space or location, which is represented by gridded cells. Each cell is related to a record that identifies a target. Each cell is called a pixel. Raster data sets usually originate from the upper left corner. The geometric shape that completely covers the flat surface, forming the raster cell size, is called tessellation. Thus, option (b) is correct.

The increase in global average sea level is primarily due to the thermal expansion of the oceans. Sea level rise is mainly related to Global Warming. Due to global warming, the melting of polar ice and glaciers will lead to the rise and expansion of the sea level, which poses a threat to the islands located in coastal areas in the future.
This is harmful to living organisms in the following ways: skin cancer, keratitis, changes in DNA structure, and a decrease in human immunity, etc. The major gases responsible for ozone depletion include chlorofluorocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfates, aerosols, methyl chloroform, etc. The fraction of radiation (energy) reaching the surface of an object that is reflected back is called Albedo or Reflectivity. Coral Bleaching generally means the death of coral due to the absence of algae (zooxanthellae) because their white color prevents photosynthesis. Global Warming is the main cause of coral bleaching.

In the Spatial Interaction Model, the characteristics of separation between the origin and the destination are denoted by the term friction. It is also known as friction of transport, friction of distance, or impedance. The variables often used to express these characteristics are distance, transport cost, or travel time. The Spatial Interaction Model was propounded by Ullman. Its basic premise is that the flow is a function of the characteristics of the origin places, the characteristics of the destination places, and the friction of distance between the concerned origins and destinations. The general formulation of the Spatial Interaction Model is as follows:
Fij = f(Wi,Dj,Sij)
Fij = Interaction between place i (origin) and place j (destination)
Vi = Characteristics of the origin place i
Wij = Characteristics ofthe destination place j
Sij = Characteristics of separation between the origin place i and the destination place j.