NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam (Cancel), June, 2024 Geography

The Cumulative Causation Theory was developed by Gunnar Myrdal in 1957. This theory attempts to determine the regional variations in economic development found among different countries and among different regions of the same country. Some growth centers develop rapidly and act as exploitation pumps.
According to Myrdal, market forces further deepen inter-regional disparities. As a result, affluent regions become more affluent (richer), and deprived or poor regions become poorer. The Backwash Effect refers to those forces originating from prosperous regions that discourage development in deprived, backward areas.
Backwash arises when adverse effects dominate and the level of economic activities in peripheral communities declines. In the Cumulative Causation Theory, Myrdal mentioned that development in progressive regions affects development in backward regions through the following two effects: (1) Spread Effect (Effects that promote development in other regions) (2) Backwash Effect (Effects that draw resources from and inhibit development in other regions). Thus, option (a) is correct.

Based on the position of the axial plane, the folds are in the following order from horizontal to vertical: Recumbent Fold → Overfold → Asymmetrical Fold → Symmetrical Fold. In a Symmetrical Fold, the inclination of both limbs is equal. It is an open fold. In an Asymmetrical Fold, there is an inequality in both limbs.
One limb has a gentle inclination and a gradual slope, while the other limb is shorter and has a steeper inclination. In a Recumbent Fold (or isoclinal fold), when the horizontal movement is very intense, excessive compression causes so much folding that both limbs of the fold become parallel to each other and bend in a horizontal direction.
An Overfold occurs when, due to excessive compression, one limb of the fold is overturned onto the other. The limbs of this type of fold are not in a horizontal state. Thus, option (d) is correct.

The highest peak of Peninsular India is Anai Mudi (2695 m), the highest peak of the Anaimalai Hills in the Western Ghats. The length of the Western Ghats is approximately 1600 km, extending from the Tapi River in the north to Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari) in the south.
The Vindhyan Range separates the Great Plains of the North from the rest of Peninsular India. It extends for about 1050 km from Jobat in Gujarat to Sasaram in Bihar. The length of the Aravalli Range is approximately 800 km, spreading in a northeast to southwest direction between Delhi and Palanpur (Gujarat).
The highest peak/summit of this range is Guru Shikhar (1722 m), located on Mount Abu. The Satpura Range extends for about 900 km from Ratanpur in the west to Amarkantak in the east. The highest point of this mountain range is Dhoopgarh (1350 m), located on the Mahadeo Hills.

Tropical Cyclones originate between approximately 5☐ and 30☐ latitudes in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The Coriolis force has no effect over the equator, so even though the air pressure is low here, the winds do not move in a circular pattern and cyclones do not form; hence, cyclones do not cross the equator here.
Tropical cyclones are known by different names in various parts of the world, such as Hurricanes in the North Atlantic Ocean, especially the Caribbean Sea, and the southeastern USA. Hurricanes move at a speed of 120 km per hour. The frequency of tropical cyclones is higher in the southern and southwestern part of the North Atlantic Ocean around 30 North latitude, and not in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is noteworthy that the frequency of tropical cyclones has increased, not decreased, due to the rise in global warming. Thus, option (b) is correct.

The correct chronological order of the theories related to the origin of tides is: Laplace's Dynamic Theory (1755 AD) → Whewell's Progressive Wave Theory (1833 AD) → Airy's Canal Theory (1842 AD) → Harris's Static Wave Theory (1911 AD). The first attempt to formulate a hypothesis related to the origin of tides was made by Sir Isaac Newton in 1687 AD, who based his theory on the gravitational force. Thus, option (a) is correct.

Halford John Mackinder was a British geographer and diplomat. Mackinder classified the entire globe into three zones on the world map: (1) Pivot Area (2) Inner or Marginal Crescent (3) Outer or Insular Crescent. Pivot Area: This includes the large landmass area of the World Island whose drainage is internal or towards the Arctic Ocean.
It extended from the Volga River in the west to Eastern Siberia in the east, and from the Himalayan Mountains in the south to the Arctic Ocean. Inner or Marginal Crescent: This area, which surrounds the Pivot Area, extends to its west, south, and east. It includes Western Europe, North Africa, the Middle East (South-West Asia), South and South-East Asia, and the Far East of Asia. Outer or Insular Crescent:
This is found outside the Inner or Marginal Crescent and includes North and South America, Australia, the African part south of the Sahara Desert, the British Isles, and the Japanese Archipelago, etc. After World War II, Mackinder observed the existence of two important power centers in the world, which included North America and Western European countries. After World War II, there were significant changes in the geopolitical landscape of the world. The result of World War II was not a shift from a power center to a power vacuum, but rather a contest for dominance over the regions and the pivot. Thus, statements (B) and (C) are correct, while statements (A) and (D) are incorrect, therefore option (b) is correct.

The correct chronological order of the regions of origin of the given relief features is: Siberian Shield → Scandinavian Highlands → Vosges Mountains → Atlas Mountains. The Siberian Shield originated in the Archean Eon (Precambrian).
The Scandinavian Highlands originated in the Paleozoic Era (Caledonian orogenesis). The Vosges Mountains are mountains of the Hercynian period (Late Paleozoic). The Atlas Mountains originated in the Cenozoic Era (Alpine orogenesis). Thus, option (a) is correct.

In the Stilgenbauer's method, the rural population is represented by uniform sized dots, and the urban population is represented by circles. Sten de Geer's method is similar to Stilgenbauer's method, with the only difference being that the urban population is represented by spheres/spheroids instead of circles, and uniform dots are used to represent the rural population. Thus, it is clear that statement (b) regarding the alternative dot method is true.

Delhi is located in the highly earthquake sensitive zone, Zone IV. Additionally, parts of Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, North Punjab, the eastern part of Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, and North Bihar fall in this zone.
The Very Highly Sensitive Zone (Most Earthquake Sensitive Zone), Zone V, includes the North-Eastern states, the area north of Darbhanga and Araria (along the India-Nepal border in Bihar), Uttarakhand, Western Himachal Pradesh (around Dharamshala), the Kashmir Valley, and Kutch (Gujarat). Zone III indicates moderate damage risk, which includes the rest of the Peninsula and the Ganga Plains. Zone II indicates low damage risk, which includes the Bagar region of Rajasthan, Jaipur, the Aravalli Range, Bundelkhand, the Chota Nagpur Plateau, etc. Thus, option (a) is correct.