NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam (Cancel), June, 2024 Geography

Biogeochemical cycles involve both physical and biological processes. They are also referred to as material cycles or nutrient cycles. Among all biogeochemical cycles, the Nitrogen Cycle is the most important because the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere is 78%.
In biogeochemical cycles, the flow of matter and the process of element circulation are cyclic, not unidirectional. The cycling of chemical elements through the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere is called the biogeochemical cycle. This is a large-scale cycle by which inorganic elements pass through an organic phase and eventually return to the inorganic (physical) state. Thus, option (a) is correct.

According to Von Thünen's Land Use Model, the correct sequence of concentric rings from the market center to the periphery is as follows:
(1) Intensive cropping of dairy products, vegetables, and fruits.
(2) Wood production (Timber and fuel-wood).
(3) Production of grain by intensive farming.
(4) Crop rotation with pasture and fallow.
(5) Production of grain on some land with a predominance of fallow and pasture (Three-field system).
(6) Livestock ranching. Von Thünen propounded his theory in 1826 AD in the book titled Der Isolierte Staat' (The Isolated State).
Thus, option (c) is correct.

The Kilauea active volcano of the Hawaiian Islands is located on a Mantle Plume (Geomorphic Plume). A mantle plume is an irregularity caused by a concentration of heat that occurs at the mantle-core boundary inside the Earth. Due to this, rocky material flows as lava in a vertical jet-like columnar current. These plumes do not move with the plate. Tuzo Wilson gave the Hotspot Concept to explain this.

India launched the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) in 2011. Phase-I was approved for implementation in two coastal states, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha, in January 2011 with the assistance of the World Bank. Phase-I was completed in December 2018. Phase-II was approved for implementation in six coastal states: Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and West Bengal, in July 2015 with the assistance of the World Bank, with an end date of March 2020. The components of this scheme were:
1. Early Warning Dissemination System, 2. Cyclone Risk Mitigation Infrastructure, 3. Technical Assistance for Capacity Building on Disaster Risk Management, 4. Project Management and Monitoring. Thus, option (e) is correct.

A Star-like Pattern is formed where several roads meet. In the Rectangular or Square Pattern, roads usually cut each other at right angles. This type of pattern is mainly found in the northern plains of India.
The settlements in the Indira Gandhi Canal area of Rajasthan are rectangular in shape due to planned settlement. The T-shaped Pattern usually develops at the junction of three roads (a T-junction). The Circular Pattern usually develops in villages due to settlements around areas like lakes or ponds.

The concept of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is related to the Kyoto Protocol of 1997. It commits developed countries to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and provides mechanisms to facilitate compliance, reporting, and review of these targets. India joined this protocol in 2002, and one of the objectives of joining was to fulfill the necessary conditions for the implementation of national sustainable priorities.

The term Nomothetic is inspired by the LawSeeking Discipline. The word Nomothetic originated from the Greek word Nomos, which means general principle/law. The primary concern of geography as a discipline is to understand the Earth as the home of humanity and to study all the elements that have sustained humans.
Therefore, emphasis is placed on the study of nature and humans. Dualism emerged in geography, and extensive arguments began as to whether geography, as a discipline, should be rulemaking/theorizing (nomothetic) or descriptive (idiographic).

Debris Slope (Scree Slope) is genetically an erosional slope. The movement of broken rock fragments moves downwards from the upper slope due to gravity and lubrication by water, and they accumulate at the base of the slope as talus or scree.
Slopes formed by erosion by rivers, glaciers, and sea waves are placed in the erosional category, while Tectonic Slopes are mainly formed due to faulting and folding in the terrain caused by geological movements, in which the Scarp Slope is important.

The anthropogenic gases causing Global Warming in descending order based on their relative contribution are: Carbon Dioxide (60%) → Methane (20%) → Chlorofluorocarbons (14%) → Nitrous Oxide (6%). Humans are emitting many harmful greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases allow the heat coming from the sun to reach the surface but absorb the long-wave radiation emitted by the Earth, due to which the global temperature is continuously rising.
It is noteworthy that greenhouse gases also exist naturally in the atmosphere, which are responsible for the natural greenhouse effect. Due to the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere, the average temperature of the Earth is around 15°C.