NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec. 2020/June 2021 (Commerce) Shift-II

Non-sampling errors may arise because of

• Vague definitions used in data collection.
• Defective method of data collection.
• Wrong entry made in the questionnaire.
• Only part of the population is observed and expected to avoid census study.

Note:- An error that occurs during data collection causing the data to differ from the true values is called Non-sampling errors.
Non-sampling errors are caused by external factors rather than an issue within a survey, study or census.

The correct statements with regard to positive skewed distribution are:-
→ Mean > Median > Mode
→ Q3 – Median > Median – Q1
Note:- The presence of extreme observations on the right-hand side of a distribution makes it positively skewed and the three averages, VIZ, Mean, Median and Mode, will no longer be equal. We shall in fact have Mean > Median > Mode when a distribution is positively skewed.
• Positive skewness:- A distribution in which more than half of the area under the curve is to the right side of the mode, it is said to be a positively skewed distribution. In this type of skewness the right tail is longer than the left tail. In this case, mean is greater than median and the median is greater than the mode and Q3 – M > M – Q1.

Use of Focus Groups and collaboration tools as a training needs assessment technique has the following disadvantages:-
• Time consuming for organize.
• Group member provide only information they think you want to hear.

Note:- “Training Needs assessment” (TNA) is the method of determining if a training need exists and, if it does, what training is required to fill the gap.
Focus groups is an interactive discussion among the people involved in the discussion.

Principles of management are important and useful on account of the following reasons:-
• To increase managerial efficiency.
• To attain social objectives.
• To train managers.
• To improve research.
• To coordinate material and human resources.
Note:- The principles of management are general guidelines for managerial decision making. These are broad guidelines which are used in understanding human behaviour and the decision-making process as a whole.

“Housing finance simply refers to providing finance for venture capital” is not an approach to the structure of Indian financial system.

• “Housing finance” mean financing for purchase/construction/reconstruction/renovation/repairs of residential dwelling units.
which includes:- Loans to individual or group of individuals including co-operative societies for construction/purchase of new dwelling units.

The correct statements regarding application of data mining techniques are:-
• Predicting future trends based on information's availability.
• Analysing demographic information about customers.
• Credit risk analysis.

Note:-
Data mining is a process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics and database systems.
Data mining techniques are classification, clustering, Regression, Outlier, sequential, patterns, prediction, Association Rules.

Skimming pricing strategy delivers results, when the product is perceived as enhancing the customer's status in society and when the firm uses it as an entry strategy.

• In skimming pricing strategy, company avails the profit opportunity in the initial stage of marketing by selling the products at a high price in a non-price-sensitive market segment.
• The skimming method is usually implemented in the case of specialty, luxury or innovative products.

Requirements for effective market segmentation are Accessibility, Measurable, viable, intensity in competition.
(1) Accessible:- Segments must be traceable and with reach with the help of media.
(2) Measurable:- Size and profile of the segments can be established.
(3) Viable:- The segments are big and profitable enough

Environmental characteristics/factors influencing distribution decisions are Government policy, State of economy, Technological and infrastructure developments, statutory provisions.
Note:- The environmental factors, affect the decision of choosing channels of distribution, Here, Environment in this context means the environment within the firm, the channels of distribution, the customers etc. are present. The factors are Economic situation, policies which affects business, infrastructure developments etc.

Followings are the statements true regarding the objectives of Right to Information Act:-
• To operationalise the fundamental right to information.
• To set up system and mechanisms that facilitate people’s easy access to information.
• To promote transparency and accountability in governance.
• To minimize corruption and inefficiency in public offices and ensure people participation in governance and decision making.
Note:- Right to Information Act came into force on 12th October 2005