NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec. 2020/June, 2021 Geography

De Vries challenged the theory of origin of species. He believed these varieties to be an example of an evolution that could be studied experimentally and conceived of evolution as a series of abrupt changes radical enough to bring new species into existence in a single leap, He believed new species are not formed by continuous process but by sudden appearance of variation and thus rejecting Darwin's mutation theory He believed species evolve from other species through sudden, large changes of character traits. He based this "theory of mutation" on work he did using Oenothera lamarckiana a species of flowering plant - the evening primrose.

According to UNCLOS united nations contention of law of sea signed in 1982 also called as law of sea.
• The area of country coastlines just inundated into the seas called as internal waters on which the country have full access for jurisdiction. The territorial jurisdiction extends to territorial water up to 12 nautical miles from the nearest point of the baseline; beyond territorial waters is the Contiguous Zone extending up to 24 nautical miles; and beyond that up to 200 nautical miles is the Exclusive Economic Zone of India. A coastal nation has control of all economic resources within its exclusive economic zone including fishing, mining etc.

Free trade zone is any geographical area whose member countries abolished the custom duties (import duty) on trade among each other and at the same time have the sovereignty over the trade policies with non-member countries
Examples include Hong Kong, Singapore, Colon (Panama), Copenhagen, Stockholm, Gdansk (Poland), Los Angeles, and New York City.

Claudius Ptolemy described geography as the science of map making. In his work Geographia, written about AD 150, Ptolemy described and compiled all knowledge about the world's geography in the Roman Empire of the 2nd century.
A substantial undertaking in scholarship of the day, Geographia was written in eight volumes. The first part discusses the problems of projections, that is, representing spherical item such as the earth on a flat sheet of paper. The second part included seven volumes and was composed entirely of atlas.

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the third addition of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty that committed its signatories to develop national programs to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), affect the energy balance of the global atmosphere in ways expected to lead to an overall increase in global average temperature, known as global warming. Outcome of Kyoto Protocol was that developed countries agreed to a collective target of a 5.2 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels. The protocol was to be effective from 1999 but it finally came into force in 2005.

Mountain climate (highland climate) is a geographical term that refers to the kind of climate in the mountains. The climate of the mountain is often contrasted to the climate of lowland area surrounding or lying close to the same mountains. The areas of mountain climate usually have colder winters and milder summers.
Due to higher elevation, the temperature of the mountains is by and large lower; the common form of precipitation is snow, often accompanied by stronger winds. Notably the Himalayas and the Karakoram Mountains experience the mountain climate.
The main characteristics of the mountain climate include sharp contrasts between the temperatures of shady and sunny slopes, inversion of temperature and variability of rainfall on the basis of the altitude and exposure, high diurnal range of temperature, etc.

Mackinder gave his heartland theory first in the form of Pivot Area' 1904 in a paper named "The Geographical pivot of history". Mackinder rechristened his concept of 'Pivot Area' as Heart land' in the book "The Democratic ideals and Reality".
It was published early in 1919 while the Paris Peace Conference was in session. Mackinder thought that whoever control Eastern Europe - the Heartlandwould control the world. Mackinder postulated the following, which became known as the Heartland Theory: Who rules Eastern Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island Who rules the World Island commands the world

Tamil Nadu have recorded high decrease in mortality rate during last 3 decades .In 2018, death rate for Tamil Nadu was 6.5 deaths per 1000 inhabitants. Though Tamil Nadu death rate fluctuated substantially in recent years, it tended to decrease through 1999- 2018 period ending at 6.5 deaths per 1000 inhabitants in 2018.
If mortality is low and decreasing, we get a double effect. First, increasing numbers of people reach the old age threshold-because of lowered mortality before that age. Second, people live for increasing lengths of time beyond this threshold-owing to a continued decline of mortality at old age.

The correct ascending order of mangrove cover in the states are Goa,Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal. Mangroves are salt-tolerant vegetation that grows in intertidal regions of rivers and estuaries. They are referred to as 'tidal forests' and belong to the category of 'tropical wetland rainforest ecosystem'. Mangrove forests occupy around 2,00,000 square kilometers across the globe in tropical regions of 30 countries.
According to Indian state of forest report mangrove distribution in India is as follows.

Cold currents which mainly flows along the western coast of the continents Produces a desiccating effect on the wind due to which the cold winds that blows ocean towards continent did not hold much moisture in it because at the equal level of absolute humidity relative humidity of cold air is much higher then relative humidity of warm air due to which the chances for rain because much lower and causes creation of deserts mainly in western coast of continent.
Although the cold winds have the effect on the deserts so option C is incorrect, while all other options are correct.
Therefore option (c) is incorrect and all other options (A), (B) and (D) are correct.