NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec. 2020/June, 2021 Geography

India - Brazil and Russia - China are known as the emerging markets.
Emerging markets are nations that are investing in more productive capacity. They are moving away from their traditional economies that have relied on agriculture and the export of raw materials. Leaders of developing countries want to create a better quality of life for their people.
They are rapidly industrializing and adopting a free market or mixed economy. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa are the biggest emerging markets in the world. In 2009, the leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China formed a summit to form "BRIC," an association created in order to improve political relationships and trade between the largest emerging markets.
South Africa joined the "BRIC" group in 2010, which was then re-named "BRICS." India established itself as an emerging market after trade liberalization and other major economic reforms in 1991. The Indian economy has been growing steadily at relatively high rates. It averaged 7.1% in the past decade, with some fluctuations due to political instability and economic reforms.

The correct sequence in the Development of German school of thought, Peschel - Ratzel - Hettner - Troll.
Peschel (1826-1875) - He was the first professor of geography in Germany .His book on the history of geography was published in 1865 by the name 'Geschichte der erdkunde'.
Ratzel (1844-1904) - He coined the term 'anthropogeography' - described it as the principal area of geographic study. In 1896 ,he wrote 'Political Geography' in which he compared 'State' to an organism
Hettner (1859 – 1941)- He wrote his book 'Europe' which was published in 1907.The second volume was published in 1924; these two books later became the "Foundations of Regional Geography According to him, geography is a chronological science or it is a study of the diverse phenomena existing together in different regions of the earth's space.
Troll (1899-1975)- Carl Troll, was a German geographer .His work stands out by being free of develop mentalist thought and there is "no evidence of triumphalism of Western science in his Andean work".

Evaporation happens when a liquid substance becomes a gas. When water is heated, it evaporates. The molecules move and vibrate so quickly that they escape into the atmosphere as molecules of water vapor.
Salinity - There is a direct positive relationship between the rate of evaporation and salinity.
Latitude - lower latitudes have high evaporation than at higher latitudes in both hemispheres although highest evaporation is recorded between is to 30°N and S latitude and not on equator.
Season - Maximum evaporation takes place during summer season due to high insulation. Wind - Evaporation increases with the increase in wind speed and decreases with decrease in wind speed.

Most of Earth's energy comes from the Sun. Shortwave solar radiation that's absorbed by Earth's surface or atmosphere is re-radiated as long wave, infrared radiation, also known as heat. The more solar radiation is absorbed, the more heat is re-radiated and the temperature ofthe atmosphere goes up.
Earth's heat balance is an extremely important factor in what makes the Earth livable. The fact that the Earth can respond to slight changes in the amount of incoming radiation to maintain a fairly stable temperature is a result of Earth's energy budget. This phenomenon is also closely connected to flows on the Earth, and the Solar energy to the Earth.

The Arctic ice pack reaches its maximum extent in March, and its minimum extent in September. On September 16, 2021, sea ice cover appeared to reach its annual summer minimum, according to a preliminary announcement from the National Snow and Ice Data Center.
The Arctic Ocean occupies about 6 million square miles around Earth's North Pole. Historically, most of the surface of the Arctic Ocean remained ice-covered year round. Around this core of year-round ice was a fringe of seasonal ice that froze each winter and melted each summer.

The four largest population clusters in the world are the regions of east Asia, south Asia, Europe and North America . Southeast Asia also has large population clusters. Additional large population centers exist in various countries with high urbanization.
Twothirds of the world's people live in four clusters-East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Alone India (Country of south Asia) and China (Country of East Asia) contributed to around 38% population of the world North America contributed 4.7% Europe contributed to around 10% of world population.

Demographic momentum is the tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

The word 'Monsoon' is derived from Arabic word 'Mausim', meaning seasonal winds. The famous Arab scholar, a world-traveller and a prolific writer, AlMasudi coined the term Monsoon and gave a good account of these periodic winds of the Herkend (Bay of Bengal).
Al Masudi was the first Arab writer to combine history and scientific geography in his works and thus was hailed as the 'Herodotus of the Arabs. Masudi was a prolific writer, and is said to have authored more than 34 books.

The range of PH value for unpolluted rain water is between PH5 and PH6 because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid.

The correct match is as follows-