NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec. 2020/June, 2021 Geography

C. Ritter propounded the concept of "Unity in Diversity. He says that there is a fundamental unity in the biotic and abiotic components which sculptures man's cultural environment.
It means that every naturally bounded area is in unity in respect of climate, production, culture, population and history. Ritter's method is said to be deductive, because it deduces new conclusions from the fundamental assumptions or from the truth established by other methods.

In 1992, more than 100 heads of state met in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil for the first international Earth Summit convened to address urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development. Kyoto Protocol (1997) is an international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It applies to 6 greenhouse gases; carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydro fluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride.
It is promulgated in COP 3 meeting. The IPСС (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) prepares comprehensive Assessment Reports about knowledge on climate change, its causes, potential impacts and response options.
First IPCC report published in 1990. The IPCC also produces Special Reports, which are an assessment on a specific issue and Methodology Reports, which provide practical guidelines for the preparation of greenhouse gas inventories. The establishment of the IPCC was endorsed by UN General Assembly in 1988.
Its initial task, as outlined in UN General Assembly Resolution. Sustainable Innovation Forum 2015 is a biggest side event at COP 21 in Paris, France in partnership with United Nations Environment Programme (UNEР). Note-: There is a contradiction in answer because IРСС report published earlier then the first earth summit.

According to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) regional red listing guidelines, 12% of all the birds species, 23% of all mammals species, 31% of all gymnosperms species and 32% of all amphibian species in world face the threat of extinctions and have a highest percentage of endangered species, and the threats including habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation, pollution, climate change, and invasive alien species. Endemic species is that ecological state of a species where a species is unique to a defined geographical location. So, the correct answer is 'Amphibians' and not found on any other part of earth surface.

RBV of Landsat, LISS II of IRS-IC, TM of Landsat and PAN of IKONOS-2. Satellite sensors that measure infrared radiation infer the amount of heat emitted from an object at the Earth's surface. Objects with an average earth temperature (roughly -50° to 50°C, or - 58° to 122°F) emit most of their energy in the infrared region.
• RBV of Landsat Resolution - 40 meter
• TM of Landsat Resolution - 30 meter
• LISS II of IRS-IC Resolution - 23.5 meter
• PAN of IKONOS-2 Resolution - 10 meter to 15 meter

Option 1 is correct.
Photic or euphotic zone extends from the upper surface to ~200 m. The photic zone receives adequate solar insolation. Aphotic zone extends from 200 m to the ocean bottom; this zone does not receive adequate sunrays and absorbs most of it due to which the sun rays have minimal effect beyond 600 feet so option 1 is correct
Thermocline
The profile shows a boundary region between the surface waters of the ocean and the deeper layers. The boundary usually begins around 100 - 400 m below the sea surface and extends several hundred of meters downward. This boundary region, from where there is a rapid decrease of temperature, is called the thermocline. About 90 per cent of the total volume of water is found below the thermocline in the deep ocean. In this zone, temperatures approaches 0° C.
Three-Layer System
The temperature structure of oceans over middle and low latitudes can be described as a three-layer system from surface to the bottom. The first layer represents the top layer of warm oceanic water and it is about 500m thick with temperatures ranging between 20° and 25° C. This layer, within the tropical region, is present throughout the year but in mid-latitudes it develops only during summer. The second layer called the thermocline layer lies below the first layer and is characterized by rapid decrease in temperature with increasing depth. The thermocline is 500 -1,000 m thick. The third layer is very cold and extends up to the deep ocean floor. Here the temperature becomes almost stagnant.

A geographic information system (GIS) is a system that creates, manages, analyzes, and maps all types of data.
GIS connects data to a map, integrating location data (where things are) with all types of descriptive information (what things are like there).
This provides a foundation for mapping and analysis that is used in science and almost every industry. GIS helps users understand patterns, relationships, and geographic context. The benefits include improved communication and efficiency as well as better management and decision making.
• GIS based maps have the advantage that they can be updated with advancing time and requirement. So option 1 is correct.
• It can also be edited to remove the discrepancies in data and to correct the data so option 2 is correct.
• GIS maps can be displayed on screens and also can be searched viewed in Google web portals.

C. Darwin, Ratzel and Semple were the believers of Environmental Determinism. Environmental determinism was a dominant school of thought until the Second World War and presented the point of view that human action is determined by the physical environment. Environmental determinism asserts that human history, culture, society and lifestyles, development, etc are shaped by their physical environment.
Geographical determinism understands human social action as a response to the natural environment.

The main parts of a tropical cyclone are the rainbands, the eye, and the eyewall. Air spirals in towards the center in a counter-clockwise pattern in the northern hemisphere (clockwise in the southern hemisphere), and out the top in the opposite direction.
So Ekman Spirals is not associated with structure of a tropical cyclone.
Ekman Spiral is a consequence of the coriolis effect. When surface water molecules move by the force of the wind, they in turn, drag deeper layers of water molecules below them.

Global radiation balance i.e. earth's solar radiation balance is although effected by various factors and includes various process but-
Pyranometer→ An instrument to measure solar irradiance from a hemispherical field of view incident on a flat surface.
Anemometer → An instrument used to measure wind speed and is not involved in global radiation balance process.
And, Sensible heat → The heat that can actually be felt. Are the process involved in global radiation balance.

The sea plains are almost absent between 60°S-70°S Latitudes. The deep-sea plains or abyssal plains are undulating underwater plains found on the deep ocean floor. It is important to mention here that these plains extend from continental rise to the mid-oceanic ridges covering about two-third of the ocean floor.
The slope gradient is very gentle, and it appears as a uniform flat and featureless plain. Though they were once regarded as featureless plains, now the modern devices have shown the irregularities as in the continental plain or surface.
The floor of a abyssal plain is covered by a thick layer of sediments composed of clay, silt and sand, brought by the rivers that usually cover these plains.