NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec. 2020/June, 2021 Geography

River regimes indicate the annual variation of discharge of a river and result from the impact of climate, geology and soils as shown in regimes from contrasting river basins. (Yukon, Amazon, Indus). It is important to mention here that a river regime is the annual variation in the discharge or flow of a river at a particular point, and is usually measured in cusecs.
The character of a river's regime is influenced by a number of variable factors:
The type of vegetation cover: wetlands can hold water and release it slowly into the river human activities aimed at regulating a river's discharge the size of the river and where discharge measurements are taken along its course the amount, seasonality and intensity of the precipitation the temperatures, with possible melt water and high rates of evaporation in the summer the geology and soils particularly their permeability and porosity; groundwater noted in permeable rocks is gradually released into the river as base flow

The concept of Lebensraum became popular in the discipline of political Geography after the publication of Politische Geographie. Friedrich Ratzel is usually acknowledged as the father of political geography. His Politische Geographie was published in 1897. Reflections on the influence of geography on political events were, of course, made long before Ratzel's time.

Louis Rodolphe Agassiz was a Swiss-born palaeontologist and systematic. Agassiz briefly worked under Cuvier, before the latter's death in 1832. Agassiz became known as the "father of glaciology" because of his theory of ice ages.
He began by studying the glaciers of Switzerland. He recognized that the signs of glacial activity could be found where glaciers were absent, and used this evidence to argue for the actions of past glaciers in the remote past.
Due to which he gave his idea of continental glaciations in 1840 i.e., muck of North America is covered under ice.
He also states that ancient glaciers has not only encroached farther south than the Alps but had infect reach southern Europe Asia and North America which led to Ice age.

Archaeologists found the evidence of permanent human settlements in the Neolithic Period. Archaeologists have long debated what caused the Neolithic Revolution coined by Gordon childe i.e., period of radical and abrupt changes in which humans began cultivating plants and breeding animals for food and permanent settlement, when prehistoric human beings gave up the nomadic life, founded villages and began to farm the land. Academics once emphasized climatic and environmental changes that took place about 11,500 years ago, when the last ice age came to an end and agriculture became possible, maybe even necessary, for survival.

Madhya Pradesh has the highest Scheduled Tribe population (14.7 per cent). Meghalaya has the lowest (2.5 per cent). The main reason behind it that Madhya Pradesh is located in central part of India dominated by large area under forests with least road connectivity and accessibility.

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Landforms that are formed because of the processes of erosion or deposition are known as third order landforms. example - cirques, gorges, deltas, peaks etc. Cirque is a type of glacial erosional landform. So, cirques are landforms of third order. First and second order landforms are formed because of the tectonic movements.
First order → continent and ocean
Second order → Mountains, plateaus, plains, rift valleys
Third order → Erosional and depositional features fjords, sand dunes, drumlins, etc.

Classification of water based on a water cycle approach Meteoric waters: water derived from precipitation. It included water from lakes rivers and ice melts which all originate from precipitation directly.
Fossil waters: also known as connate waters, they are very saline waters that were trapped due to sedimentation and are not part of the water cycle. Juvenile or magmatic waters: waters that come from very deep areas and can become part of the water cycle when there are volcanic eruptions and geysers.

In India, gypsum mining is mainly carried out in the state of Rajasthan (Barmer, Bikaner, Jaisal mer, etc) which contributes about 99% of the total production; the remaining 1% is contributed by Jammu and Kashmir and Gujarat. Gypsum is a very soft mineral composed of calcium sulfate dehydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4.2H20.