NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec. 2020/June, 2021 Geography

Nokrek Biosphere Reserve is located in the northeast of India on the Tura Range, which forms part of the Meghalaya Plateau (average altitude: 600 metres). The entire area is mountainous and Nokrek is the highest peak of the Garo hills, rising upto 1,412 metres. The north of the reserve embraces rather gently undulating hills, while steep slopes characterize the south.
Simlipal Biosphere reserve is situated in the Mayurbhanj district in the Indian state of Odisha covering 2,750 km². Which was formally designated as tiger reserve in 1956 and declared biosphere reserve in June, 1994.
Cold desert Biosphere reserve is stretches from Ladakh (UT) in the north to Kinnaur (in state of Himachal Pradesh ). Seshachalam reserve the first Biosphere Reserve in Andhra Pradesh is located in Southern Eastern Ghats of Chittoor and Kadapa districts.

Economics is a social science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It is the study of how individuals, businesses, governments, and countries make choices on allocating resources to motivate their needs and wants, and it attempts to determine how these categories should gather and correlate the attempts of attaining the maximum output.
Economic analysis advances through analytical procedures, like mathematical logic, where the conjectures of different human activities are envisaged in a ‘means-ends' structure. The time spent on 'own' like sleeping, eating, Running etc are called as leisure activities and are uneconomic in nature because they did not contribute directly to any economic process. An economic activity is an activity of providing, making, buying, or selling of commodities or services by people to satisfy their day-to-day needs of life. Economic activities include any activity that deals with the manufacturing, distributing, or utilizing of products or services. Activities that involve money, or the exchange of products or services, are economic activities Hence Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

Middle Ganges Plain and Malwa Plateau Region are not functional regions. A functional region is a territorial unit resulting from the organisation of social and economic relations in that its boundaries do not reflect geographical particularities or historical events. n is that of labour markets (source: OECD).
The functional regions always have the linkage of certain between the regions that may be based on Transportation linkage, communication linkage, (Broad band connection). A region is an area that is differentiated from other area according to certain criteria.
In other words, an area having the homogeneity in terms of physical aspects, cultural aspects etc. Functional regions are often organized around a central point which is also called node.

Wegener postulated that all the earth's land had once been joined into a single supercontinent. Hence, Drift Theory of Wegener was postulated mainly to explain Geological similarities of the coasts and Glaciations and major climatic changes in the world. Surrounded by an ocean, he named this landmass "Pangaea" (pan = all, Gaea = earth) and the ocean "Panthalassa" (pan = all, Thalassa = ocean).
According to the theory, this continental mass started breaking up about 200 million years ago. Since then the pieces had moved to their present positions and are still moving. Alfred Wegner, a German by birth propounded the drift theory to solve out the problem related to Zig-Jag saw fit of the continent of Africa and south America and also to solve the riddle of presence of deposits that are unmatchable to their own climate i.e. due to the changing nature of climate in that particular place or that place is being shifted to new climate region.

India has a landmass of 7,12,249 sq. km. covered with forest from which 16,491 sq km consist of tropical thorn forest. It is important to mention here that the tropical thorn forests in India are found in the areas of southwest Punjab, in Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and also in Uttar Pradesh. In the tropical thorn forest trees like - Babool tree, ber tree, and wild date palm, Khair tree, neem, khejri tree, palas tree, etc. are some of the important trees of the tropical thorn forests.
A thorn forest is characterized by dense, scrubland with vegetation as dry subtropical and with warm temperate areas. Here seasonal rainfall averages from 250 to 500 mm. Most of southwestern North America and southwestern Africa come under this thorn forest, also in smaller areas in Africa, South America, and Australia.

Peneplain is gently undulating, almost featureless plain that, in principle, would be produced by fluvial erosion that would, in the course of geological time, reduce the land almost to baselevel (sea level), leaving so little gradient that essentially no more erosion could occur. Notably, the peneplain concept was named in 1889 by William M. Davis, who believed it to be the final stage of his geomorphic cycle of landform evolution. So, option E is correct. There has been much debate on the peneplain theory.
The lack of present-day peneplains tends to discredit it, but some attribute this lack to geologically recent diastrophism, or uplifting, of the Earth's crust. Other geomorphologists question whether the Earth's crust has ever remained stable long enough for peneplanation to occur.] while A level surface formed by meeting of floodplains is known as Panplain proposed by Crickmay, So, only option A and E are correct i.e. (a).

North to south direction of Indian oceanic relief- Laccadive-Chagos ridge, Chagos-Saint Paul ridge, Amsterdam-St. Paul Plateau and Kerguelen - Gaussberg ridge. Indian Ocean covers approximately one-fifth ofthe total ocean area of the world.
It is the smallest, geologically youngest, and physically most complex of the world's three major oceans. The Indian Ocean is bounded by Iran, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh to the north; the Malay Peninsula, the Sunda Islands of Indonesia, and Australia to the east; Antarctica to the south; and Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to the west.
In the southwest it joins the Atlantic Ocean south of the southern tip of Africa, and to the east and southeast its waters mingle with those of the Pacific Ocean. It is important to mention here that there is wide range of variation in the continental shelves of the Indian Ocean.
Quite extensive shelves are found along the margins of Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Similarly, extensive shelves are observed along the eastern coast of Africa and around Madagascar which is itself located on the continental shelves. On an average, the continental shelves are very wide (640 km) in the west whereas these are narrow (160 km) along the coast of Java and Sumatra. These become further narrow along the northern coast of Antarctica.

Koeppen's Amw type of climate prevails over the western coast of India, south of Goa. This type of climate is characterised by dry summers is experienced along the Coromandel Coast. The dry climate prevails over two parts in India. Wladimir Koppen a great German Climatologist gave a detailed climate classification and his first-ever classification came in 1918 and continued to refine and modify it.
This classification was done with the usage of different kinds of symbols which represent different meanings and climates. Majorly, the climate classification was done into five major groups along with one more type which was considered a special category. The five major climate groups are represented by capital letters i.e. A, B, C, D, and E.