NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec. 2021/June 2022 (Commerce) Shift-II

Statement of Sun Tzu given in question corresponds to Threat of competitor a component of porter's five forces model.
Porter's Five Force Framework is a method of analysing the operating environment of a competitive of a business.

It is useful for external financial management.
Funds flow statement is also called as statement of changes in financial position or statement of sources and applications of funds or where got, where gone statement.
It is a report on the movement of funds or working capital. It explains how working capital raised and used during an accounting period.
It is useful for external financial management.

The extent to which a sample mean is likely to differ from the population mean.
The standard error is a statistical measure of the extent to which a sample mean is likely to differ from the population mean.
The standard error is a statistical term that measures the accuracy with which a sample distribution represents a population by using standard deviation.

Following are the Key assumptions of Gordon's dividend Model:-
• The firm is an equity firm.
• No external financing is available.
• The internal rate of return (r) of the firm is constant.
• The appropriate discount rate (k) of the firm remains constant.
• The firm and its stream of earnings are perpetual.
• The corporate tax is do not exist.
• k > br = g if this condition is not fulfilled we cannot get a meaningful value for the share.

The errors in the value of y are identical in successive observations
Following are the assumption of simple linear regression model :-
• The relationship between the variables is linear.
• The residuals (errors) have the same variance for all values of the independent variable.
• The residuals (errors) are independent i.e. not correlated from one case to the next.
• The residual (errors) are normally distributed.
• We will defer the evaluation of assumptions until the next class.

Quantitative measurement of the magnitude of the experimental effect.
An effect size is a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population, or a sample - based estimate of that quantity. It can refer to the value of a statistic calculated from a sample of data, the value of a parameter for a hypothetical population, or to the equation that operationalizes how statistics or parameters. Lead to the effect size value.

Agreement under Section 3(1) of the Competition Act states about anti - competitive agreements there are two kinds of agreement under the Act :
• Vertical Agreements.
• Horizontal Agreements.
Section 3(4) states that any agreement amongst enterprises or persons at different stages or levels of production chain in different markets; in respect of production, supply, distribution, storage, sale price or trade in goods or provision of services, including,
• Tie - in arrangement
• Exclusive supply agreement
• Exclusive distribution agreement.
• Refusal to deal.
• Resale price maintenance.

The use of indirect methods to calculate tax liability, which differ from the usual sales based on the tax payers accounts

As per the Income tax Act a person engaged in business or profession is required to maintain regular books of account and further, he has to get his accounts audited. To give relief to small taxpayers from tedious work, the Income tax Act has framed the presumptive taxation scheme under section 44 AD, 44ADA, and 44AE.
A person adopting the presumptive taxation scheme can declare income at a prescribed rate and in turn, is relieved from tedious job of maintenance of books of account and also from getting the accounts audited.