NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec., 2023 Geography

A regression line is a good estimate of the data if its R2 value is close to one. The regression line is a straight line that describes the behavior or the trend of a given set of data. It is useful in predicting processes. The regression line can be calculated using the formula:
Y=a+bx+e
Where:
Y represents the dependent variable.
X represents the independent variable.
a represents the intercept.
b represents the slope.
e represents the residual (error term) of the regression.

The correctly matched pairs are as follows:

The first formal book on Geography is 'Kosmos' (Cosmos). It is Humboldt's most important work, published in five volumes between 1845 and 1862. It contains a description of the entire world. The first volume contains a general description of the nature of the cosmos.
The second volume discusses the history of human efforts in depicting and describing nature. The third volume describes astronomy.
The fourth and fifth volumes describe the Earth as the human dwelling place. 'Geographica' was the first book on geography where descriptive excellence was prominent in geographical work and studies.
After this formal beginning, the name of the subject remained the same, but there have been significant changes in its definition, approaches to study, and methodology. Note: The commission initially marked option (a) as correct in the preliminary answer key, but option (d) was considered correct in the final answer key. Therefore, option (d) is correct.

Nuclear energy production is increasing globally. (A is true). The construction of nuclear power involves heavy costs because building a nuclear power plant is expensive, but running it is relatively cheap.
Nuclear energy is competitive with fossil fuels as a means of electricity generation in many places. Waste disposal and decommissioning costs are usually fully included in the operational costs. Therefore, both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

The correct sequence of organisms in the food chain is Diatom → Barnacle Larva Arrow Worm → Herring.
Generally, the sequence of energy (in the form of food) transfer from one organism to another in the biosphere is called a food chain. The food chain is a simple linear chain of food transfer from one trophic level to another in the biosphere. However, it is not actually that simple but highly complex, because the process of energy transfer is accomplished through highly interconnected chains. Such a complex food chain is called a 'food web'.

Infrared (IR) colored aerial photographs are used for analyzing plant and crop diseases, soil, and water pollution. Infrared radiation with a wavelength of 3 to 14 micrometers is called the Thermal Infrared Radiation region. Metallic objects have very high reflectivity, due to which absorption and emissivity are very low. Their radiation temperature is very low.

Hettner advised that if man cannot be analyzed scientifically, then the study of man should be kept outside the scope of Geography. Carl Ritter was a contemporary German geographer of Humboldt. Ritter's geographical works attempted to make geography human-centered, whereas Humboldt was interested in systematic geography.
Thus, their areas of work were complementary to each other. Richthofen described geography as a 'Chorological Science' in a lecture in 1883. Ассepting the view of Humboldt and Ritter, he clarified that the identity of geography as a science is due to its chorological, i.e., spatial distribution perspective.

The correctly matched pairs are as follows:

The Chi-Square Test (x2) is a good estimate of the data, and its R2 value will be close to unity. It is used in sampling analysis to test the significance of population variance. It is not a parametric test. It is the most recommended test for testing the homogeneity model in a sample situation.
In a one-sample situation, the null hypothesis (HO) is that there is no significant difference between the observed frequency (O) and the expected frequency (E). It is limited to nominal data. It is also called the Goodness of Fit test. The Chi-Square value is calculated using the following formula:

In animated map types, the growth of a city in terms of population and area over time is shown. The English equivalent word for is Choropleth. The word 'Choropleth' is derived from the Greek words 'choros' and 'plethos' and its general meaning is 'quantity in an area'.
Thus, in a Choropleth map or shaded map, the average number or percentage value of a substance per unit area, such as population density per square kilometer, or the percentage of arable land, etc., is displayed using shades of varying density.
Lines connecting places of equal value or density are called Isolines (or Isopleths), such as Isobars (equal pressure lines), Isohyets (equal rainfall lines), Isogonic lines (equal magnetic declination lines), Contour lines (equal elevation lines), Isotimes (equal travel time lines), Isohalines (equal salinity lines), and Isonephs (equal cloud cover lines), etc.