NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec., 2023 Geography

Based on the difference between male and female literacy (2011), the descending order of the above-mentioned states is as follows:Therefore, the descending order based on the difference between male and female literacy corresponds to Option (a).

Smells states that: "Urbanization is a process in which the land and its residents become urban." Wirth says: "Urbanism is a way of life." Both these statements confirm the process of urbanization. According to Kingsley Davis:
"A proportional increase in the population of urban centers compared to the total population, or an increase in the urban population at a faster rate than the national average population growth, should be considered an indicator of urbanization."
Thus, the increase in the urban population has been the most discussed subject of urbanization. According to Lampard: "It is a method of population grading for the attainment of a certain standard of livelihood and security in a given environment." Carter considered the use of the term 'ecological' more meaningful than Lampard's 'demographic' terminology.

The forest area in India increased from approximately 40 million hectares in 1951 to approximately 72 million hectares in 2019. The cultivable wasteland in India decreased from approximately 22 million hectares in 1951 to approximately 12.2 million hectares in 2019.
The land use data in India is available under nine major categories: (i) Forests, (ii) Land put to non-agricultural uses, (iii) Barren and unculturable land, (iv) Permanent pastures and grazing lands, (v) Land under miscellaneous tree crops and groves, (vi) Culturable waste-land, (vii) Current fallow, (viii) Fallow land other than.current fallow, (ix) Net Sown Area.

According to the World Food Organization 2019, gender disparity in food security exists on all continents. The impact of obesity increased more rapidly than overweight globally between 2000 and 2016. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was established in 1945 under the United Nations. It is an agency of the United Nations. World Food Day is celebrated on October 16 globally every year.

The iron and steel industry in India is mostly established near areas where raw material is available. The Visakhapatnam Steel Plant is a coast-based plant that uses imported coking coal. There has been a significant increase in the production of sponge iron. The Indian steel industry is the second-largest steel producer in the world, after China.

Descending winds (Katabatic) originate in cold, high-altitude regions and flow towards lower altitudes under the influence of gravity; they are also called gravity flow winds. Cold air flowing from high plateaus and ice fields into valleys is called descending (Katabatic) winds. Pampero is a very fast-moving descending cold and polar wind that blows after a cyclone in Argentina and Uruguay. It is often accompanied by rain, thunder, and lightning. It causes a sharp drop in temperature.
It mainly blows from December to March. Haboob is a type of dust storm that affects Northern and NorthEastern Sudan. Its greatest impact is near Khartoum. It generally blows in the afternoon or evening from May to September, but under specific conditions, it can occur in any month of the year. Most of its characteristics match the summer dust storms of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. Therefore, statement I is true, but statement II is false.

The fastest and deepest geostrophic currents are found on the western boundaries of the ocean basins, and the currents on the eastern boundaries are more diffuse. Among the western boundary currents, the Gulf Stream is the largest current, not the Brazil Current. The Gulf Stream is an extensive current system that influences the climate of a large area. This system includes three currents:
(i) The Florida Current, between the Straits of Florida and Cape Hatteras.
(ii) The Gulf Stream, between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks.
(iii) The North Atlantic Current, east of the Grand Banks and up to the West European coast. The Brazil Current originates from the bifurcation of the South Equatorial Current after hitting the Brazilian coast near San Roque. One branch turns north and joins the North Equatorial Current, while the southern branch, known as the 'Brazil Current,' flows parallel to the South American coast up to South latitude.
The Canary, Benguela, and Humboldt currents are eastern boundary currents. Statements (A), (C), and (D) are correct, while statement (B) is incorrect. Therefore, option (a) is correct.

The Zone and Strata Theory of racial classification was propounded by Taylor. Griffith Taylor presented a new concept related to the origin and evolution of human races in 1919, which he named the Migration Zone Theory or the Zone and Strata Theory. Taylor was clearly influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution. Taylor's concept is based on many biological and geographical facts and is supported by a large number of scholars.
Through the Zone and Strata Theory, Taylor explained the origin and evolution of human races in the context of area and time. According to Taylor, after the Neanderthal man in Central Asia, the Negrito, Negro, Australoid, Mediterranean, Alpine, and Mongoloid races developed sequentially. The earliest developed races are found in the outer belts of the continents, and the later developed races are found sequentially in the inner belts of the continents. The latest developed Mongoloid race still resides in Central Asia and its surrounding areas.

The correctly matched pairs are as follows-

The headquarters of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) is located in Bonn, Germany. The UNFCCC was the first multilateral convention on climate change. Countries involved in the 1992 Earth Summit joined the UNFCCC to collectively stop the rise in average global temperatures and mitigate its effects. After the UNFCCC began its work in 1994, the first conference was held in Berlin in 1995, and by 1995, an agreement was reached by these countries to strengthen global accountability towards climate change.