NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec., 2023 Geography

Ecological famine occurs when the productivity of a natural ecosystem drops too far below the impact of environmentally induced loss due to a crisis. Hydrological drought occurs when the levels of various water storage bodies, reservoirs, aquifers, and lakes, etc., fall below the water supply provided by rainfall.

The concept of Edge City was coined by Joel Garreau. Edge Cities are essentially multifunctional employment centers. Demographics expert Joel Garreau provides an answer with his influential book, Edge Cities: Life on the New Frontier. Originally published in 1991, Edge Cities is one of the most significant books on urban life and planning in a generation.

In the Late Expanding Stage (or Late Transitional Stage) of demographic transition, the total population increases at a decreasing rate of growth. The Demographic Transition Theory was explained in a population cycle model by Notestein and Thompson using three stages and by Blacker and Peter Cox using five stages.
The first stage is characterized by high fertility and high mortality. In the second stage (Early Expanding), fertility remains high initially but decreases over time. This stage is accompanied by a reduced death rate.
In the final stage (Low Stationary or Declining), both fertility and mortality decrease significantly. The population either stabilizes or grows slowly (or begins to decline). The population becomes urban and educated and possesses technical knowledge. Such a population deliberately controls family size.

List I |                                                            List II
(Population Pyramid)                              (Country)
Expansive                                                  - Ghana
Bell-Shaped                                               -  India
Stationary                                                  -  U.S.A.
Constrictive                                               -  Italy

Therefore, option (M) is correctly matched.

Cox pointed out that the main fundamental shortcoming of electoral geography has been its failure to establish a connection with studies in the overall field of political geography. In the book Social Geography, Cox made a significant contribution to the field of behavioral electoral geography through his article "Voting Decisions in a Spatial Perspective," published in 1969. In this, he analyzed voting and behavioral problems.

A Drumlin is not a glacio-fluvial landform. Among the landforms built by the deposition of a glacier, drumlins are a type of heap or mound made of bouldery clay (Till), shaped like an inverted boat or a cut, inverted egg.
Drumlins primarily occur in groups. It is common to find them in hundreds. For this reason, sucha topography is called 'Basket of Eggs Topography'. The water obtained from melting ice emerges as a stream from the front (snout) of the ice. This stream transports the glacial debris over long distances and deposits it in situ.
This combined depositional action of the glacier and water is called glacio-fluvial deposition (Glaciofluvial Deposit). The more important landforms created by glacio-fluvial deposits are eskers, kames, kame terraces, outwash plains, kettles, and kettle holes (pits).

The chronological order of the aforementioned geographical publications is as follows:
General History of the Nature of the Heavens → Kosmos → Mapping Desire → Alternative Geographies.

Muski Band and Champion Reefs of Dharwad contain significant reserves of gold mineral resources.
Here, the gold-bearing rock deposits are found over a length of 80 km and a width of 3-4 km, with the Champion, Nandyodorg, and Mysore Reefs being notable. Some gold is also found in the districts of Dharwad (Gadag), Tumkur (Ballara), Hassan (Kempinkot), Shimoga (Honnali), Chikmagalur (Siddarhalli), and Gulbarga (Muglur).
Diamond ores are found in three types of geological settings: kimberlite pipes, conglomerate beds, and alluvial gravel. The major rock types for diamond reserves in India are the Panna belt of Madhya Pradesh; Munimadugu, Samallakota, and Banganapalle in the Kurnool district, and Wajrakarur in the Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh; and the sandy region of the Krishna River basin.

The North-to-South order of the islands in the Indian Ocean is as follows: Socotra → Diego Garcia → Cocos → Réunion.
The Indian Ocean contains many large and small islands. Large islands like Madagascar (Malagasy) and Sri Lanka are continental fragments. Small islands like Socotra, Zanzibar, and Comoros are also continental islands.
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal are the exposed parts of the submerged portion of the Arakan Yoma folded mountain range of Myanmar. The mid-oceanic ridge rises above the seafloor as islands in many places. Prominent among these are Lakshadweep, Maldives, Chagos, Diego Garcia, New Amsterdam, St. Paul, Kerguelen, and Seychelles islands. Prince Edward and Crozet islands are located on the Prince Edward-Crozet Ridge.

According to the Ricardian model, the need for trade arises due to differences in technology or natural resources. Japan has no oil reserves of its own, yet it is one of the world's largest oil consumers. Ricardo accepted Malthus's theory and, following an analytical approach, propounded his own standardized model of the market mechanism.
In his market mechanism, he treated labor as an intangible commodity like other goods. According to him, man is a rational economic being and acts according to the market mechanism. For this reason, the wage increases when the demand for labor increases. Higher wages will lead to an increase in the labor supply through population growth. However, wages will fall when the labor supply increases. Thus, wages will stabilize at the natural point necessary for subsistence.