NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec., 2023 Geography

When the number of second-order segments in a river basin is 38 and the number of third-order segments is 9, the bifurcation ratio will be 4.22.
Quantification of the morphological parameters of a stream network began with Horton (1945) and was later modified by Strahler (1952). Horton and Strahler developed an ordering system to define stream order.
The formula given by Horton is as follows:
Where: Rb - Horton-Strahler's Bifurcation Ratio. N(n) is the number of streams of order u. N(u+1) is the number of streams of the next higher order (u+1).

The correctly matched pairs are as follows:

In the dualism of Idiographic (unique/ descriptive) vs. Nomothetic (law-seeking/generalizing) in Geography, Humboldt and Sauer placed more emphasis on the construction of general laws, and James declared that there is no such thing as a "real region."
This dualism in geography is evident in the SchaeferHartshorne debate. Geography, familiar under the tradition of Kant, Hettner, and Hartshorne, is the study of regions, and every region is unique. Hartshorne firmly believed that geography is the study of unique regions, and such a study is called the specific descriptive method (Idiographic View).
In contrast, Schaefer presented his argument in the 1953 paper, 'Exceptionalism in Geography,' to make geography a law-making subject from a descriptive one. Schaefer clarified that geography should be studied by the systematic method instead of the regional method. Kant called geography 'descriptive geography.'
The terms 'Idiographic' and Nomothetic' were first used by the German scholar Wilhelm Windelband in the nineteenth century. The descriptive (Idiographic) and law-seeking (Nomothetic) are two distinct approaches that are complementary to each other. Both approaches used for research in social science are divided into qualitative and quantitative.

Lee's Mobility Transition Model does not establish a relationship between migration and demographic transition. Lee presented his Mobility Transition Model in 1966, following the model of Ravenstein. Lee attempted to explain population migration in the context of push and pull factors between the origin and destination, as well as intervening obstacles. According to Lee, push and pull factors are effective in every area.
Ravenstein identified distance decay as a law of migration. Ravenstein presented the first theory related to migration in 1885. According to Ravenstein, most migration occurs due to economic reasons. The main bases of his model are migration and distance, hierarchy of migration (stepwise), stream and counterstream, rural-urban differentiation, female predominance, technology and migration, and migration motivators, etc.
The Intervening Opportunities Model was given by Stouffer. He presented the theory of intervening opportunities in 1940 as a modification to Zipfs 'Principle of Least Effort.' According to Stouffer, linear distance is less important in determining migration than the spatial nature of intervening opportunities.
For this reason, attention should be given to socio-economic distance instead of geometric distance. The 'White Australia' policy was referred to as a law by the Australian Government on December 23, 1901, whose main objective was to limit non-British migration to Australia.

Air transport plays a crucial role in a large part of Canada, Alaska, a large part of Russia, and most of Australia because the population is sparse and the development of other means of transport is difficult. It is often the only means of access to inaccessible areas.
Airplanes bring various goods to the Eskimos of Northern Canada without being affected by the obstruction of frozen ground. In the Himalayan region, routes are often blocked due to landslides, avalanches, or heavy snowfall. In such a situation, air travel is the only alternative to reach a location.

Typhoons and Baguios cyclones rotate counter-clockwise because cyclones are generally lowpressure centers surrounded by concentric isobars, and atmospheric pressure increases from the center outwards. Consequently, winds begin to move from the periphery towards the center, the direction of which is counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
The shape of a cyclone is often circular, oval, or like the letter 'V'. Cyclones have considerable importance in climate and weather because they affect the rainfall and temperature of any location they reach. Cyclones generated in the inter-tropical zones (30° N to 30° S latitude) are called Tropical Cyclones.
These are convergent circulation systems with low atmospheric pressure, having an average diameter of up to 640 km. Tropical cyclones are known by different names in various parts of the world: Hurricanes in the North Atlantic Ocean, especially the Caribbean Sea and the Southeastern United States. Typhoons in the China Sea, the eastern and southern coastal regions of China, and Southeast Asia. Baguios in the Philippines. Cyclones in the Indian subcontinent. Willy-Willy in Australia.

The census years in India, arranged in descending order (maximum to minimum) based on the decadal population growth rate (%), are as follows: 1971 Census (+24.80%), 1991 Census (+23.87%), 1961 Census (+21.51%), 2011 Census (+17.70%) Currently, India's decadal growth rate is 17.70%, while the annual growth rate is 1.64%.
The decade of 1911-21 saw a population decrease (-0.31%), the main reasons for which were famines and epidemics, leading to a higher death rate. After 1921, the country's population began to grow rapidly. Hence, the year 1921 is called the 'Great Divide Year' in the history of Indian population. The highest population growth in India occurred during the 1961-71 decade at 24.80%.

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is the metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas because heat is generated in metropolitan areas by the energy from the inhabitants, buildings, cars, buses, and trains. The consumerist culture of cities is severely affecting the geoenvironment and ecosystem, challenging human existence in the form of global warming and climate change.
The uncontrolled consumption of energy here creates heat islands which increase atmospheric pollution. The frequency and intensity of weather conditions are increasing. In cities, on one hand, groundwater is decreasing, and on the other hand, due to paved surfaces, rainwater does not recharge the groundwater but flows directly into rivers through drains, causing flooding problems.
Similarly, the risk of groundwater contamination is increasing in areas filled with urban waste. Based on this, some environmentalists have described metropolises as the 'Graveyard of Tomorrow.' Therefore, both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).