NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec., 2024 Geography

Societies with lower marriage age exhibit higher fertility rates, not lower ones. Both polygamy and polyandry have a negative impact on fertility. Women’s status in society also plays a significant role in determining fertility. In male-dominated societies, where women have less freedom, are treated as objects of pleasure, and are given a lower status in society, fertility rates are found to be higher.
Therefore, there is a negative correlation between the status given to women and the birth rate, not a positive one. There is an inverse correlation between the level of education and the fertility index. Education and educational level also affect the fertility rate. Therefore, statements B and D are correct, while statements A and C are incorrect.

Granular and clastic (blocky) structures are soil structure pairs suitable for tillage. Granular and clastic (clastic) structures are divided into individual particles in sand, silt, and clay that are grouped together into small, nearly spherical particles.
Prismatic and columnar structures are soil particles that form vertical columns separated by small distinct vertical cracks. Platy structures are soil particles that are stacked horizontally upon each other in plates or sheets. This is commonly found in the A-horizon portion of forest soils and in claypan soils.

Euphausiids are an important species of the zooplankton community. Algae, diatoms, and flagellates are the most prominent phytoplankton. These are green plants that float freely in the upper reaches of ocean waters. Euphausiid zooplankton are larger than copepods and are herbivorous.
Animal plankton encompasses many types of marine life, ranging in size from a fraction ofa millimeter to several meters. In fact, animal plankton serve as a bridge between the oceanic pastures created by plant plankton of the photosphere and larger marine animals. Herbivorous animals consume plankton and phytoplankton to produce animal protein, while carnivorous animals and other marine animals consume them.

Regression is certainly used to perform regression. Regression lines are the most suitable lines that convey the mutual mean relationship between two related categories. In regression analysis, by considering one variable as independent and the other as dependent, the functional relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable is determined. This functional relationship can be of various types.
The Spearman rank correlation coefficient can be used with either nucleic or ordinal data. A statistician named Charles Spearman proposed a simple method for determining the correlation coefficient based on the ranks of the different item values of individual data categories, which is named after him, Spearman’s rank-difference method.
There are three possible correlation directions: positive correlation, negative correlation, and, in the third case, no significant correlation. Hence, only statements B and C are correct, while statements A and D are wrong.

Major environmental problems globally include air and water pollution, ozone layer depletion, global warming, and climate change. Air pollution occurs when pollutants in the air exceed safe limits and become harmful to humans, animals, buildings, or other materials.
The main sources of air pollution include moving vehicles, industries, construction sites, and mines, fires, natural processes and events (such as fireworks during festivals and celebrations). Global warming refers to an increase in the Earth's average surface temperature, while climate change refers to long-term changes in the Earth's climate or the climate of any region of the Earth. Global warming refers to an increase in temperature alone, while climate change includes warming as well as the adverse effects of warming, such as melting glaciers, heavy rainfall, storms, and frequent droughts.
The ozone layer is essential for life on Earth because it absorbs most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. When the ozone layer is depleted, UV-B radiation reaches the Earth, causing problems such as skin cancer, cataracts, climate change, etc. Therefore, option (a) is correct.

The author of The Condition of Postmodernity is David Harvey. Some of his other important books are Social Justice and the City, Justice Nature and the Geography of Difference, The Urban Experience, etc. Important books of Yi-Fu Tuan are Space and Place, Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitude and Value, etc. Edward Soja wrote books like Seeking Spatial Justice, My Los Angeles: From Urban Restructuring to Regional Urbanization, etc.

The Atlantic Ocean has more continental shelf area than any other ocean. Shelves cover 13.3% of the Atlantic Ocean, and the continental shelves of the North Atlantic are relatively broad. The mid-Atlantic Ridge extends as an S-shaped pattern, with its northern portion called the Dolphin Rise and its southern portion extending to the Wyville Thompson Ridge. The Atlantic-Antarctica Ridge lies beyond the Cape of Good Hope. The mid-Atlantic Ridge is the main feature of the Atlantic Ocean’s oceanic crust. Hence, the correct option is (c).

Of the above, the Arab League is the world’s oldest regional organisation. Following the Industrial Revolution in the later half of the 19th century, primary commodity-producing regions lost their importance, and industrialized nations became each other's primary customers. Thus, regional organizations emerged, focusing on their respective commercial interests. The OAS was established in 1948, with the American States as its members, benefiting each other through mutual cooperation.
EFTA, initiated in 1960 by seven European member states, is an intergovernmental organization that promotes free trade among its member states. The OAU, established in 1963, promotes economic, social, and cultural activities in African countries. It has now been replaced by the African Union (AU). The Arab League was established in Cairo in 1945 and currently has 22 member states. In its answer key, N.A., marked option (d) as correct, which is incorrect. Therefore, the correct option is (d).